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Questions and Answers
Which of the following theorists is associated with the belief in instinctive behaviors that have survival value?
Which of the following theorists is associated with the belief in instinctive behaviors that have survival value?
What does the cognitive revolution compare the mind to?
What does the cognitive revolution compare the mind to?
What is a criticism of the notion that human nature is determined solely by genetic endowment?
What is a criticism of the notion that human nature is determined solely by genetic endowment?
Which concept suggests that genetic influences may surpass cultural ones?
Which concept suggests that genetic influences may surpass cultural ones?
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What does the current status of evolutionary psychology largely deal with?
What does the current status of evolutionary psychology largely deal with?
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What did structuralism aim to achieve in psychology?
What did structuralism aim to achieve in psychology?
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Which school of thought is characterized by applying findings to various aspects of life?
Which school of thought is characterized by applying findings to various aspects of life?
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Which approach emphasizes a holistic view and the study of consciousness?
Which approach emphasizes a holistic view and the study of consciousness?
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What is noted about behaviorists and psychoanalysts in contemporary psychology?
What is noted about behaviorists and psychoanalysts in contemporary psychology?
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Which of the following is a new movement in psychology mentioned?
Which of the following is a new movement in psychology mentioned?
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Who suggested that stimuli should be described in meaningful terms for the responding organism?
Who suggested that stimuli should be described in meaningful terms for the responding organism?
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What was a significant goal of the cognitive movement in psychology?
What was a significant goal of the cognitive movement in psychology?
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What has been a primary influence of Gestalt psychology?
What has been a primary influence of Gestalt psychology?
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What was Ulric Neisser's main criticism of cognitive psychology research methods?
What was Ulric Neisser's main criticism of cognitive psychology research methods?
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Which concept is no longer considered a useful metaphor for the mind?
Which concept is no longer considered a useful metaphor for the mind?
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In what year did Ulric Neisser publish 'Cognitive Psychology'?
In what year did Ulric Neisser publish 'Cognitive Psychology'?
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What does the computer metaphor suggest about memory?
What does the computer metaphor suggest about memory?
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What historical computer is mentioned as a significant development in computing?
What historical computer is mentioned as a significant development in computing?
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Which of the following best describes artificial intelligence as mentioned?
Which of the following best describes artificial intelligence as mentioned?
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What test is used to demonstrate artificial intelligence?
What test is used to demonstrate artificial intelligence?
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What philosophical issue does the Chinese room problem highlight regarding artificial intelligence?
What philosophical issue does the Chinese room problem highlight regarding artificial intelligence?
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What does the Chinese Room problem illustrate about computers?
What does the Chinese Room problem illustrate about computers?
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Which of the following best describes the process in the Chinese Room scenario?
Which of the following best describes the process in the Chinese Room scenario?
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What can be concluded about the capabilities of computers according to the content provided?
What can be concluded about the capabilities of computers according to the content provided?
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How does the Chinese Room challenge the notion of artificial intelligence?
How does the Chinese Room challenge the notion of artificial intelligence?
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In the Chinese Room analogy, what role does the person inside the room play?
In the Chinese Room analogy, what role does the person inside the room play?
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What does the phrase 'not thinking or displaying intelligence' imply about computer operations?
What does the phrase 'not thinking or displaying intelligence' imply about computer operations?
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What key limitation of computers is highlighted through the Chinese Room problem?
What key limitation of computers is highlighted through the Chinese Room problem?
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Which aspect of human interaction do computers fail to replicate, according to the argument presented?
Which aspect of human interaction do computers fail to replicate, according to the argument presented?
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What did Tolman contribute to psychology?
What did Tolman contribute to psychology?
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Which psychological influence played a role in the interest in consciousness?
Which psychological influence played a role in the interest in consciousness?
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What aspect did George Miller initially align with before shifting to cognitive psychology?
What aspect did George Miller initially align with before shifting to cognitive psychology?
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What did Miller's publication 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' discuss?
What did Miller's publication 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' discuss?
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Why was the Center for Cognitive Studies established?
Why was the Center for Cognitive Studies established?
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What major shift in thinking regarding scientific investigation occurred during the development of cognitive psychology?
What major shift in thinking regarding scientific investigation occurred during the development of cognitive psychology?
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Which factor did NOT contribute to the founding of cognitive psychology?
Which factor did NOT contribute to the founding of cognitive psychology?
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What capacity did Miller identify regarding human short-term memory?
What capacity did Miller identify regarding human short-term memory?
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Which approach did Miller NOT view cognitive psychology as?
Which approach did Miller NOT view cognitive psychology as?
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The cognitive revolution in psychology was characterized by which factor?
The cognitive revolution in psychology was characterized by which factor?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
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Which of the following technologies is NOT used in cognitive neuroscience?
Which of the following technologies is NOT used in cognitive neuroscience?
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How does the modern understanding of unconscious cognition differ from Freud's perspective?
How does the modern understanding of unconscious cognition differ from Freud's perspective?
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What role does introspection play in cognitive psychology?
What role does introspection play in cognitive psychology?
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Animal cognition research suggests that animals are capable of which of the following?
Animal cognition research suggests that animals are capable of which of the following?
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Which area of psychology does NOT typically involve cognitive factors?
Which area of psychology does NOT typically involve cognitive factors?
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What is one significant characteristic of the cognitive approach in psychology?
What is one significant characteristic of the cognitive approach in psychology?
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Cognitive overload refers to which of the following concepts?
Cognitive overload refers to which of the following concepts?
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Evolutionary psychology suggests that certain behaviors and cognitive processes are influenced by what primary factor?
Evolutionary psychology suggests that certain behaviors and cognitive processes are influenced by what primary factor?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a topic within cognitive psychology?
Which of the following is NOT considered a topic within cognitive psychology?
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What does the term 'nonconscious processing' refer to in cognitive psychology?
What does the term 'nonconscious processing' refer to in cognitive psychology?
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Which branch of psychology often uses animal cognition research as a comparative basis?
Which branch of psychology often uses animal cognition research as a comparative basis?
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How does cognitive psychology differ from behaviorism?
How does cognitive psychology differ from behaviorism?
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What aspect of cognition is associated with subliminal perception?
What aspect of cognition is associated with subliminal perception?
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Study Notes
Contemporary Developments in Psychology
- Psychology is a constantly evolving field.
Schools of Thought in Perspective
- Each school of thought prospers for a time, becomes part of mainstream psychology, gains strength from opposing earlier schools, and then is replaced by a new school.
- Structuralism aimed to establish psychology as an independent science, free from philosophical limitations.
- Functionalism applied psychological findings to various aspects of modern life, changing the nature of psychology with its functional, utilitarian approach.
- Gestalt psychology supported a holistic ("whole") approach and emphasized consciousness.
- Behaviorists and psychoanalysts often opposed each other, representing distinct schools of thought that are still relevant today.
- Each school influenced contemporary psychology and led to new movements, including cognitive and evolutionary psychology.
The Cognitive Movement in Psychology
- Cognitive psychology represents a return to the study of the mind.
- E.R. Guthrie emphasized describing stimuli in perceptual or cognitive terms relevant to the responding organism.
- E.C. Tolman recognized the importance of cognitive variables, contributing to the decline of the stimulus-response approach.
- Gestalt psychology helped maintain interest in consciousness, while Jean Piaget focused on cognitive development.
- The changing scientific zeitgeist in physics, moving away from an independent, objective universe toward subjective observation, influenced the cognitive movement.
- The founding of cognitive psychology was a gradual, pragmatic process, not a sudden event.
George Miller (1920-)
- Initially supported behaviorism.
- Later influenced by statistical learning theory, information theory, and computer models of the mind, leading to a rejection of behaviorism and a focus on cognitive psychology.
- Published "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information," highlighting the human mind's limited short-term memory capacity.
- Miller's work reflected the influence of computer-based models of the human mind.
The Center for Cognitive Studies
- Bruner and Miller established a research center focused on investigating the human mind, contrasting with a behaviorist approach.
- The center's research encompassed language, memory, perception, concept formation, thinking, and developmental psychology.
- Miller did not view cognitive psychology as a revolutionary overhaul, but a shift in focus.
Ulric Neisser (1928-)
- Trained under Maslow at Brandeis, an environment less dominated by behaviorism, than other institutions in the United States at the time.
- Published Cognitive Psychology (1967) and Cognition and Reality (1976)
- Criticized a heavy reliance on laboratory settings for research and advocated for applying cognitive findings to practical problems.
The Computer Metaphor
- The view of the mind shifted from a clock-like mechanism to a computer.
- Storage capacity equals memory, programming codes equal languages.
- New computer generations reflect a continuous evolution for the cognitive processes of the human mind.
- Computer programming informed the cognitive perspective on information processing, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Development of the Modern Computer (ENIAC)
- The need for efficient computation spurred the development of the first giant computer, ENIAC.
- ENIAC required significant space.
Artificial Intelligence
- Machines display artificial intelligence by processing information similarly to humans.
- The Turing test is a method to assess artificial intelligence by persuading a subject the computer is a human.
- Some objections to artificial intelligence include the Chinese Room problem, arguing machines lack genuine understanding.
The Role of Introspection
- Cognitive psychologists attempted to quantify introspective reports for more objective and statistically analyzable results
- Subjects reflected on past subjective experiences and how they reacted to given stimuli.
- A commonly used contemporary research method.
Unconscious Cognition
- The unconscious mind performs functions previously attributed to deliberation and consciousness.
- Unlike Freud's emotional unconscious, the new unconscious is more rational and involved in the initial stage of stimulus response.
Cognitive Neuroscience
- This explores the link between brain functions and mental processes.
- Advanced technologies, such as EEG, CAT, MRI, and PET scans, are utilized to correlate information processing with brain regions.
Animal Cognition
- Comparative psychology informed the study of animal cognition.
- Animal memory is complex and flexible.
- Animals demonstrate cognitive functions like using cognitive maps, understanding motives, planning with past experiences, understanding numbers, and problem-solving through reason.
Current Status of Cognitive Psychology
- Consciousness has regained significant importance.
- Cognitive psychology is relevant to many branches of psychology.
- It shares the experimental methodology of behaviorism.
Evolutionary Psychology
- People's behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and learning are wired by evolution to promote survival.
- Our predispositions are influenced by evolution, yet social and cultural factors also play a role.
Antecedent Influences on Evolutionary Psychology
- Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and William James' emphasis on instinctive behaviours provided foundational support
- The cognitive revolution's emphasis on programming the mind likened to a computer provided additional insights.
- Sociobiology connected genetic factors with behavior.
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Description
Explore the evolution of psychology through various schools of thought including structuralism, functionalism, and gestalt psychology. Understand how these movements have shaped contemporary psychological practices and led to the cognitive movement. This quiz delves into the dynamics of these influential schools in the field of psychology.
