Consumer Behavior Exam Questions

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Questions and Answers

Consumers who have a large gap between their real and ideal selves are particularly good targets for marketing communications that use fantasy appeals.

  • Only if they are brand loyal
  • False
  • Only if they are impulsive buyers
  • True (correct)

Which decisional rule applies when evaluating brands of cars where Opel Corsa is mentioned?

  • Compensatory decision rule
  • Conjunctive decision rule
  • Both compensatory and conjunctive (correct)
  • None of the above

What is the first stage in the consumer decision making process?

  • Product choice
  • Information search
  • Problem recognition (correct)
  • Evaluation of alternatives

The concept that involves decisions being influenced by the way a problem is posed is called...

<p>Framing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the tendency to prefer products from one's own culture?

<p>Ethnocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what continuously matched with what results in the conditioning process?

<p>Conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To increase consumption quantity of candy, what is the recommended action regarding assortment organization?

<p>Organize the assortment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a need represent in consumer behavior?

<p>A belief that one condition is preferable to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best reflects Alex's perception of himself and his ability as a speaker?

<p>Looking-glass self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on their lists, what choices will Ana and Daniel most likely make regarding the Bosch coffee machine?

<p>Daniel will have a much more favorable preference towards Bosch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the positivity of a person’s self concept?

<p>Self-esteem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which product bundling criteria did Helena follow when deciding to store ice-cream next to frozen vegetables?

<p>Functionality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is comprised in the extended self concept?

<p>External objects we consider part of us (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbolic self-completion theory imply?

<p>Consumers tend to buy products that complete their identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivational conflict will Sara most likely experience when wanting to visit both her parents and friends?

<p>Approach-approach conflict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensory information?

<p>Perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a process after purchasing a product?

<p>Consumer satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to influence Marta's choice after her confidence was shaken?

<p>Select the cinema coupon to regain social confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate response of the senses to basic stimuli like light and sound called?

<p>Sensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Weber's Law, what must happen for people to notice a change in the initial stimulus?

<p>The change must be proportional to the initial stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'shaken self' concept as it pertains to Marta's experience?

<p>Unstable self-esteem due to external validation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What threshold best explains why a small billboard near a highway failed to connect with motorists?

<p>Absolute threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motivational conflict involves wanting to engage in a behavior that has both positive and negative outcomes?

<p>Approach-avoidance conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a part of the post-purchase evaluation process?

<p>Social comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Family branding, licensing, and look alike packaging are marketing strategies based on which concept?

<p>Stimulus generalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), which route to persuasion is taken when the receiver is not motivated to engage with the message?

<p>Peripheral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An actual or imaginary individual or group that influences an individual’s evaluations, aspirations, or behavior is termed what?

<p>Reference group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the true or false sequence: 1) In positive mood consumers are more compliant. 2) In negative mood, consumers show more reactance to persuasion. 3) Emotions are immediate and specific; moods are gradual and abstract. 4) Emotions cannot be controlled, but moods can.

<p>TTTT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the standard learning theory hierarchy approach?

<p>Cognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In multi-attribute models, if attributes and beliefs are two elements, which is the third element that specifies their importance?

<p>Importance weights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one, resulting in a higher acceptance rate, is known as which technique?

<p>Foot in the door technique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the group of perfumes that are Marta's favorites?

<p>Evoked set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement would best describe the experience of an individual fishing?

<p>Variable interval reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of slogans focuses on prevention while maximizing engagement?

<p>1 and 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is useful for comparing products with their competitors?

<p>A perceptual map (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement is likely used when personnel are rewarded for excellent service attitudes?

<p>Fixed-ratio reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a between-subjects design, what is necessary for analyzing results?

<p>Create independent groups of participants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of regulatory focus does Bob use by studying to avoid negative outcomes?

<p>Prevention focus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option presents a characteristic of variable interval reinforcement?

<p>Rewards occur at random times and vary in frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country scoring high on the femininity dimension is characterized by what preference in society?

<p>A preference for modesty and caring for the weak (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laura and David experienced what type of social influence, and what was the most likely outcome of this influence?

<p>Informational social influence, private acceptance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a foreign brand in the context of consumer behavior?

<p>Products produced by firms in another country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding Khanam's cognitive systems, which of the following statements is accurate?

<p>System 1 is linked to emotions, while System 2 involves reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advertisement would likely be more persuasive to North Americans according to cultural marketing implications?

<p>Anzeige2: Emphasizes flavor and enjoyment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is happening when a consumer raises their ideal state in the context of consumer behavior?

<p>Acknowledging need recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies the roles of System 1 and System 2 in decision-making?

<p>System 1 handles emotional responses and System 2 applies logic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social influence is characterized by compliance with the group to be accepted?

<p>Normative influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self-concept

A person's overall perception of themselves, including their self-esteem, image, and sense of self-worth.

Self-esteem

The degree to which a person holds a positive view of themselves.

Symbolic self-completion theory

This theory suggests that people who feel incomplete or lacking in a particular area tend to buy products that help them complete their identity.

Approach-approach conflict

A conflict where a person is torn between two desirable options.

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Consumer satisfaction

The consumer's overall feelings about a product after they've purchased and used it.

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Sensation

The immediate response to basic stimuli like light, color, sound, and touch.

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Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference)

The minimum level of stimulation required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli.

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Perception

The process by which our brains organize and interpret sensory information to make meaning out of it.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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Differential Threshold

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.

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Weber's Law

The amount of change needed to notice a difference in a stimulus - the stronger the initial stimulus, the greater the change required.

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Ethnocentrism

The tendency for people to prefer products from their own culture.

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Problem Recognition

The first stage of the consumer decision-making process, where a consumer recognizes a need or want.

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Compensatory Decision Rule

A decision-making strategy where consumers evaluate all options based on their positive and negative attributes.

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Conjunctive Decision Rule

A decision-making strategy where consumers set minimum acceptable levels for each attribute and reject any option that falls below that threshold.

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Framing Effect

The way a problem is posed or framed can influence decision-making.

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Looking-glass self

The perception of oneself based on how others are perceived to view them.

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Extended Self

External objects, possessions, and places that we consider part of our identity.

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Ideal Self

The mental representation we have of the person we want to be.

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Actual Self

The mental representation of who we actually are.

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Evoked set

The set of brands that a consumer actively considers when making a purchase decision.

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Positioning

A marketing strategy focused on communicating a brand's unique value proposition and differentiation compared to competitors.

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Fixed-ratio reinforcement

A type of reinforcement schedule where rewards are given after a specific number of desired behaviors have been completed.

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Perceptual map

A visual tool used to position products and brands in relation to their competitors based on perceived attributes.

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Between-subjects design

A research design where different groups of participants are exposed to different experimental conditions.

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Fixed-interval reinforcement

A type of reinforcement schedule where rewards are given based on the passage of time rather than the number of actions.

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Variable-interval reinforcement

A type of reinforcement schedule where rewards are given after a random period of time, encouraging consistent behavior.

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Prevention focus

A motivational focus that emphasizes avoiding negative consequences and minimizing losses.

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The spacing effect

A process where a person's understanding of a concept is strengthened through repeated exposure over time.

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Mood and persuasion

A theory that suggests that people are more likely to be persuaded by a message if they are in a positive mood.

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Family branding

A marketing strategy that uses existing brand recognition to create a new product or brand.

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Door-in-the-face technique

A marketing technique where a marketer makes a large initial request (knowing it will likely be rejected) followed by a smaller, more acceptable request.

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Social proof principle

A marketing tactic that leverages the power of social influence to promote a product or service.

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High Feminity Culture

A society values cooperation, modesty, and caring for the weak. Relationships and quality of life are prioritized over competition and assertiveness.

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High Masculinity Culture

A society values assertiveness, achievement, and competition. Individuals are encouraged to be independent and strive for success.

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Normative Social Influence

Occurs when people conform to others because they want to be liked and accepted by them. They may publicly comply with the group's views even if they privately disagree.

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Informational Social Influence

Occurs when people conform to others because they believe that those others have accurate information. They are likely to privately accept the group's beliefs.

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Cognitive System 1 & 2

Cognitive System 1 is intuitive, fast, and based on gut feelings and emotions. It relies on associations and patterns. Cognitive System 2 is analytical, slow, and based on deliberate reasoning and logic.

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Opportunity Recognition

When a consumer realizes they have a gap between their current state and their ideal state. This gap can be due to unmet needs or the emergence of new wants.

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Need Recognition

A consumer realizes they are lacking something essential and needs to find a solution. This can be a need for basic essentials or a more complex want.

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Study Notes

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions

  • Self-Concept: Refers to the positivity of a person's self-concept. Includes social comparison, self-image, self-esteem and self-concept.
  • Symbolic Self-Completion Theory: Consumers with incomplete self-definitions tend to buy products that complete their identity.
  • Motivational Conflicts: Sara's conflicting desires to visit parents in Switzerland and friends in Brazil illustrate an approach-approach conflict.
  • Post-Purchase Processes: Consumer satisfaction is a post-purchase process.
  • Perception: The immediate response (eyes, nose, mouth, fingers) to basic stimuli (light, color, sound, texture) is called reception.

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions (Cont'd)

  • Marketing Targets: Consumers with a large gap between their real and ideal selves are particularly good targets for marketing communications using fantasy appeals.
  • Decision Rules: Opel Corsa could be evaluated using a compensatory decision rule.
  • Consumer Decision-Making Process: The first step in the consumer decision-making process is problem recognition.
  • Mental Accounting: Mental accounting involves the way people frame decisions, where the way a problem is posed influences the decision.

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions (Cont'd)

  • Thresholds: A low-contrast billboard ad failing to be noticed highlights issues with absolute or differential thresholds.
  • Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus yielding an unconditioned response.
  • Culture: Culture is best described as society's consciousness, attitudes, personality, and history.
  • Reference Groups: A reference group is an actual or imaginary individual or group influencing evaluation, aspirations, and behavior. This includes segment, demographic, reference group, and focus group.

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions (Cont'd)

  • Social Influence: Informational social influence, when conformity is motivated by desire for validity. Normative social influence, when conformity is driven by desire to gain acceptance.
  • Foreign Brand: Consumers' preferences for foreign-produced products or strategies of spelling or pronouncing brands in foreign languages are seen as foreign brands.

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions (Cont'd)

  • Marketing Implications: Two advertisements (Ad1 and Ad2) for chewing gum offer contrasting marketing implications regarding cultural sensitivity.
  • Ideal State: A consumer seeking to move their ideal state upward is experiencing opportunity recognition.
  • Marketing Strategies: Family branding, licensing, look-alike packaging are marketing strategies based on stimulus generalization. This is when associations encourage similar responses.

Consumer Behavior Exam Questions (Cont'd)

  • Elaboration Likelihood Model: The peripheral route to persuasion occurs when receivers are not highly motivated to think deeply about the arguments in a message.
  • Consumer Behavior: Positive affect and compliance increase in a positive mood, but not in a negative mood.
  • Marketing and Consumer Behavior: A door-in-the-face technique, where a large request is followed by a smaller one, is often effective in persuasion.

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