Consumer Behavior and Unconscious Thought

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Questions and Answers

According to the provided information, what is a key characteristic of unconscious thought?

  • It can integrate large amounts of information into a summary judgement. (correct)
  • It requires active focus on the problem for optimal function.
  • It struggles with identifying recurring patterns.
  • It is limited by the capacity of conscious attention.

What does the 'deliberation-without-attention' hypothesis primarily explore?

  • The cognitive load during complex problem solving with attention.
  • The strengths and weaknesses of conscious thought in simple tasks.
  • The relationship between the mode of thought and the complexity and quality of choice. (correct)
  • The effect of sleep on conscious decision-making abilities.

In the context of making choices, when are unconscious thinkers likely to perform better than conscious thinkers?

  • When the decision involves a high degree of risk.
  • When evaluating a complex products with many different features. (correct)
  • When making a quick decision about a simple product.
  • When there is a need for rapid, detailed analysis.

According to Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT), how do unconscious thought processes differ from conscious thought processes?

<p>Unconscious thought processes allow for weighting all attributes of choice alternatives according to their importance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'sleeping on it' suggest?

<p>Unconscious thought helps to make sound decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor within the 'consumption situation'?

<p>The prevailing mood of the consumer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'design thinking' in the context of consumer products and services?

<p>Ensuring products are user-friendly and fit into customers' lives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what does a 'customer journey' seek to achieve?

<p>To map all the steps a customer takes when interacting with a brand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key dimensions that combine to create a mood state?

<p>Pleasure and arousal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a positive mood state typically bias a consumer's judgment of products?

<p>It results in more positive evaluations of products and services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'social experiences' hedonic shopping motive?

<p>Shopping centers act as gathering places for consumers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the hedonic shopping motive known as ‘status’?

<p>Consumers seek attention and being waited on, even without purchasing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided material, what drives the 'thrill of the hunt' as a hedonic shopping motive?

<p>The excitement of finding unusual or hard-to-find products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a utilitarian need?

<p>A need based on the objective, tangible attributes of a product. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to drive theory, what is the primary motivation behind behavior?

<p>The need to reduce unpleasant states of arousal and return to a balanced state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of expectancy theory?

<p>Our expectations of achieving desirable outcomes are the main motivators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used to understand patients' psychogenic needs by asking open-ended questions?

<p>Thematic Apperception Technique (TAT). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what category immediately precedes the need for self-actualization?

<p>Ego needs/esteem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content which example best illustrates a consumer acting on a hedonic need?

<p>Choosing a luxury car based on the feeling of prestige and status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of the 'belongingness/social need' in the context of consumer behavior?

<p>Joining a fitness club to meet like-minded people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a 'hedonic need'?

<p>Practical utility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of classical conditioning?

<p>Learning through pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiments, what initially served as the neutral stimulus?

<p>The ringing of the bell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles learned from classical conditioning, what happens during extinction?

<p>The conditioned reaction disappears when the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus generalization refer to in the context of classical conditioning?

<p>Responding to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is classical conditioning used in marketing strategies, according to the text?

<p>By pairing a product with a positive stimulus such as a desirable celebrity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the function of the 'unconditioned stimulus'?

<p>It automatically causes a response without prior learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might pairing a product with a sexy model be effective in marketing, according to classical conditioning principles?

<p>It creates a conditioned response of arousal associated with the product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behavioral learning principles within a consumer context?

<p>How consumers learn through experience and association, such as creating brand images or linking items to a need. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the primary function of the encoding stage in the memory process?

<p>To transform information into a recognizable format for the memory system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory, what does 'chunking' refer to?

<p>The grouping of items into manageable units for easier processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'rehearsal' technique for enhancing storage, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Actively reviewing information to try and remember it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recirculation' refer to, within the context of memory?

<p>The process by which information is remembered through simple, passive repetition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of engaging in 'elaboration' when attempting to transfer information to long-term memory?

<p>To actively think about the message to create deeper connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it that defines a 'pioneering brand' according to the content?

<p>A brand that becomes synonymous with a product category. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the use of 'reasoning' in the context of consumer decisions?

<p>It involves creative thinking to combine existing ideas with new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can brands enhance information retrieval through descriptive naming?

<p>By making the brand-name describe its purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the multicomponent (ABC) model of attitudes, which component refers to the beliefs a person holds about an attitude object?

<p>Cognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the high-involvement hierarchy, what is the typical sequence of attitude formation?

<p>Cognition → Affect → Behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the low-involvement hierarchy, what typically happens after a consumer has limited knowledge about a product?

<p>They purchase it and form an evaluation afterward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a consumer purchases a product based on their emotional reaction to it, which hierarchy of effects is most likely in play?

<p>Experiential hierarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of high-involvement product decisions?

<p>Consumers are highly motivated to seek out a lot of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Affect' component of the ABC model?

<p>The consumer's feelings about a product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of marketing, what is a crucial factor in the low-involvement hierarchy?

<p>Simple stimulus-response connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly represents the order of the low-involvement hierarchy?

<p>Cognition → Behavior → Affect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consumption Situation

The various factors that influence a consumer's purchase decision beyond just the buyer, seller, and product itself.

Situational Self-Image

How a consumer feels about their product or service at a certain time. This feeling is shaped by their current mood and situational self-image.

Queuing Theory

The study of waiting lines and how it impacts customer behavior.

Design Thinking

A design approach focusing on creating products and services that are not only visually appealing but also practical and intuitive for users.

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Customer Journey

Mapping out every step a customer takes when interacting with a company, from initial interest to post-purchase.

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Mood

A combination of pleasure and arousal, influencing our emotional state and impacting consumer choices.

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Hedonic Shopping Motives

The desire to shop for reasons beyond just acquiring a product, often driven by social experiences and emotional satisfaction.

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Thrill of the Hunt

The feeling of excitement and satisfaction from finding a great deal or uncovering a hidden gem.

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Unconscious thought

Thinking without actively focusing on a problem. It's like your mind working in the background, unconsciously processing information.

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Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT)

The idea that unconscious thinking can be better at handling complex decisions than conscious thinking.

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Deliberation-Without-Attention Hypothesis

The idea that unconscious thinking is more efficient for complex choices because it can process a lot of information.

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Capacity of Unconscious Thought

Unconscious thought can process a lot of information at once. It's like having a big mental workspace.

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Unconscious Thought & Complex Decisions

When making complex choices, unconscious thought can lead to better decisions because it can consider all aspects of the problem.

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Need for Power

A desire for a feeling of accomplishment or a sense of importance.

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Need for Status

A desire for recognition and admiration from others.

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Utilitarian Need

The desire for a functional or practical benefit from a product.

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Hedonic Need

The desire for an experience that involves emotional responses or fantasies.

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Drive Theory

A psychological state that involves experiencing unpleasant levels of arousal.

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Expectancy Theory

A theory that explains motivation based on the expectation of positive outcomes or incentives.

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Homeostasis

A process of returning to a balanced state after experiencing arousal.

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Thematic Apperception Technique (TAT)

A method to measure psychogenic needs by showing pictures and asking questions about the perceived situation, thought processes, and future outcomes.

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Memory

The process of acquiring and storing information so that it can be accessed when needed.

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Encoding

The process of converting information into a format that can be stored in memory.

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Storage

The process of retaining information in memory over time.

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Retrieval

The process of accessing information stored in memory.

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Chunking

Grouping items in memory into meaningful units to improve storage.

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Rehearsal

Actively reviewing material to strengthen its presence in memory.

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Recirculation

Repeating information to enhance storage, without active processing.

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Elaboration

Processing marketing messages in a thoughtful way, increasing the likelihood of long-term memory storage.

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Classical conditioning

Learning involving the association of two stimuli, where a neutral stimulus, after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, eventually comes to elicit a similar response on its own.

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

The natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

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Conditioned response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

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Extinction of classical conditioning

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus discrimination

Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli and only respond to the specific conditioned stimulus.

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Multicomponent (ABC) Model

A model that explains how we form attitudes about things by considering three components: what we think (cognition), how we feel (affect), and how we act (behavior).

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Hierarchies of Effects

The idea that different components of an attitude can come into play in different orders, depending on the situation and the person's level of involvement.

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High-Involvement Hierarchy

A product decision process where a consumer first gathers information, forms opinions, then develops feelings, and finally takes action. High involvement means a consumer is motivated to learn a lot about the product and consider many options before buying.

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Low-Involvement Hierarchy

A product decision process where a consumer acts on limited knowledge, forms an opinion after purchase, and then develops feelings about the product.

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Experiential Hierarchy

A buying decision based on emotions and feelings. The consumer experiences something, then acts, and later reflects on the experience.

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Affect

A feeling or emotion associated with a particular attitude object.

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Behavior

The actions or behaviors a person takes towards an attitude object.

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Cognition

What a person believes to be true about an attitude object. It includes knowledge and beliefs.

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Study Notes

Consumer Behavior & Marketing Action

  • Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires.
  • The consumption process includes prepurchase, purchase, and postpurchase issues.
  • Consumers identify a need, gather information, make a purchase, and dispose of the product.
  • Marketers can use segmentation to focus on specific consumer groups.
  • Market segmentation considers factors such as demographics, lifestyles, and psychographics to target specific consumer groups.
  • Database marketing tracks consumer habits to tailor products and messages.
  • Big Data refers to the vast amount of information collected and analyzed by marketers.
  • The internet of things (IoT) involves interconnected devices that share information.
  • Popular culture influences consumer preferences and behaviors.
  • Role theory suggests consumers act out roles and adjust consumption decisions based on those roles.
  • Consumers are motivated to consume due to brand images and meanings.
  • Needs are basic necessities, while wants are desires influenced by personal needs and cultural factors.
  • Shoppers may experience different decision-making processes depending on their level of involvement in a purchase.
  • Habitual decisions are for frequently purchased, low-cost items.
  • Limited decisions require moderate time and are for occasional purchases.
  • Extended decisions involve a high level of involvement and are for expensive infrequent purchases and high-risk products.
  • Marketing strategies can influence consumer decisions.
  • Marketers must create value and address consumer needs.
  • Marketers need to understand consumers' motivation to consume.
  • Marketing campaigns may use principles of persuasion to influence consumers.
  • Persuasion tactics include reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, and consensus.
  • Consumer judgments may vary with the intensity of feelings involved.
  • Consumer moods can affect their evaluation of products, services, and information.
  • Effective marketing messages are tailored to consumers' needs and emotions.
  • Deception in marketing is a critical factor that impacts consumer decisions.
  • Consumers may experience different attitudes and responses to deceptive practices.
  • Social exclusion may affect consumers' responses to marketing messages.
  • Consumers' perceived risk (financial, social, physical) influences the choice-making process.
  • Memory is a complex process with stages (encoding, storage, and retrieval).
  • Consumers use mental shortcuts and rules to make decisions.
  • Decision-making varies based on consumer involvement and perceived risk.
  • Different theoretical perspectives help understand attitude formation (cognitive consistency, self-perception, dissonance).
  • Attitudes—feelings, thoughts and behaviors—are dynamic, multi-faceted, and can be affected by experience.
  • Consumers' cognitive processes, values, and emotions influence their decisions.

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