48 Questions
Who will decide what materials obtained from the site will be useful?
The Engineer-in-charge
What is the purpose of setting out masonry or concrete pillars?
To serve as benchmarks for execution of work
Who is responsible for setting out center lines correctly?
The Contractor
Before starting excavation, the contractor must notify:
The Engineer-in-charge
What is the interval at which ground levels are taken in uniformly sloping ground?
5 to 15 metres
What is the width of excavation in foundation trenches?
Not exceeding 1.5m
What is classified as Soft Rock?
Rock or hard conglomerate, weathered rock, and boulders
What is the volume of boulders classified under 'All types of Soils, Murrum, Boulders'?
Not more than 0.03 cum
What is the purpose of taking ground levels?
To take existing levels for the purpose of measurements
Who is responsible for supplying labor for taking levels?
The Contractor
What is the purpose of a specification in a construction project?
To describe the nature and class of work, materials, and workmanship
What is the term for the estimate of bill quantities for special work to be done by a specialist firm?
Provisional sum
What is the total cost including all the expenditure incurred from beginning to the completion of a work?
Capital cost
What is the process of determining the rate per unit of a particular item of a work?
Rate analysis
What is the term for the computation or calculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work?
Estimate
What is the minimum distance from the outer edge of excavation where excavated materials can be placed temporarily?
3m
What is the tendered percentage rate above the notified rates?
Premium
Who has the final discretion in cases where excavated materials need to be placed closer to the outer edge of excavation?
The Engineer-in-charge
What is the term for the whole amount that can be spent during the financial year or not?
Expenditure
What happens to materials excavated that are not useful in any way?
They are disposed of
What is the term for the tendered percentage rate below the notified rates?
Rebate
When should backfilling in sides of foundations, plinth, under floors, etc. be done?
After concrete or masonry has fully set
What is the maximum size of stones, shingle, or boulder allowed in the backfill material?
75mm
How should areas inaccessible to mechanical equipment be consolidated?
By hand held power rammers
How many tests are taken per 50 sqm to establish proper consolidation?
Two tests
Who bears the cost of the tests carried out to establish proper consolidation?
The contractor
What is the purpose of sorting out useful materials and stacking them separately?
To enable backfilling and reuse
What is the final state of the site after completion of the construction project?
Clean and leveled
What is the method used for removing hard rock when blasting is not permitted?
Chiseling and Wedging
What should be done to the bottom and sides of excavation?
Dress to proper level, slopes, steps, camber etc.
What is the purpose of shoring in excavation?
To prevent falling in soil
What happens if the excavation is taken below the specified depths and levels?
The contractor shall fill up such over cut to the specified level with cement concrete
What should be done with the excavated materials of archeological interest?
They should be delivered to the Engineer-in-charge
What should be done to ensure that the water discharged from the excavation does not cause nuisance to other works?
It should be discharged sufficiently away from the foundations
What is the purpose of dewatering in excavation?
To bail or pump out all water that may accumulate in the excavation
Who is responsible for the design of shoring for proper retaining of sides of trenches, pits etc.?
The contractor
What should be done with the slipped earth in excavation?
It should be removed and the slope dressed to a modified stable slope
What should be done to the excavated hard rock?
It should be stacked properly and neatly within the specified lead
What is the plinth area of a building measured by?
External dimensions excluding plinth offset
What is the purpose of a sinking fund?
To replace a building or structure at the end of its useful life
What is the value of a property at the end of its utility period, without being dismantled?
Salvage value
What is the purpose of specifications in construction?
To describe the nature and class of work, materials, and workmanship
What is the difference between general and detailed specifications?
General specifications give a general idea of the whole work, while detailed specifications specify qualities and quantities of materials
What is depreciation?
The decrease in value of a property due to structural deterioration
What is scrap value?
The value of dismantled materials
What is the purpose of contingency expenses?
To cover incidental expenses of miscellaneous character
What is the scope of work covered under the detailed specifications of excavations, filling, and backfilling?
Excavation of foundations, trenches, and pits, including shoring, protections of existing underground utilities, and refilling around the foundation
What is included in the site clearance?
Removing all obstructions, loose stones, shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, and rubbish up to a distance of 150 meters outside the periphery of the area
Study Notes
Specification and Rate Analysis
- Specification: describes the nature and class of work, materials to be used in the work, workmanship, etc.
Technical Terms
- Analysis of Rate: determination of rate per unit of a particular item of work from the cost of quantities of materials, laborers, and miscellaneous petty expenses required for its completion
- Expenditure: the whole amount that can be spent during the financial year or not
- Capital Cost: total cost including all the expenditure incurred from beginning to completion of a work
- Provisional Sum: estimate of bill quantities for some special work to be done by a specialist firm whose details are known at the time of preparation of estimate
- Rate of Cost: cost per unit of subhead, arrived at by dividing the up-to-date final charges on a sub-head by its up-to-date progress
- Premium: tendered percentage rate above the notified rates
- Rebate: tendered percentage rate below the notified rates
- Plinth Area: covered area of a building measured at floor level, excluding plinth offset if any
- Rates: rates followed are of sanctioned schedule of rates or non-scheduled
- Contingencies: incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be classified approximately under any distinct sub-head, but added in the cost of construction necessarily
- Valuation: technique of estimating or determining the fair price or value of a property
- Salvage Value: value of end of utility period without being dismantled
- Sinking Fund: fund gradually accumulated by way of periodic or annual deposit for the replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life
- Depreciation: gradual exhaustion of a usefulness of a property
- Scrap Value: value of dismantled materials
- Specifications:
- Describe the nature and class of work, materials to be used in the work, workmanship, etc.
- Specify the qualities and quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation and execution, and method of measurement
General Specification
- Gives a general idea of the whole work or structure and are useful for preparing the estimate
Detailed Specification
- Specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation and execution, and method of measurement
Excavation, Filling, and Backfilling
- Scope of Work:
- Excavation of foundations, trenches, pits, and over areas
- Filling and backfilling of excavated materials
- Site Clearance:
- Clearing of area of obstruction, loose stones, shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, bushes, and rubbish
- Removal of roots and vegetation
- Setting Out and Making Profiles:
- Erection of masonry or concrete pillars as benchmarks for the execution of the work
- Making profiles with pegs, bamboos, and strings or Burjis to show correct formation levels
- Excavation:
- Classification of earthwork into:
- All types of soil, murrum, boulders
- Soft rock
- Hard rock
- Measurement and payment
- Classification of earthwork into:
- Shoring:
- Provision and fixing of shoring to prevent falling of soil
- Responsibility of the contractor for design of shoring
- Dewatering:
- Bailing or pumping out water accumulating in the excavation
- Diverting surface flow by bunds or other means
- Disposal of Excavated Materials:
- Stacking of useful materials separately
- Disposal of surplus earth and materials
- Backfilling:
- Filling of excavated materials in foundation, plinth, under floors, etc.
- Consolidation of backfilled materials
This quiz covers the topics of specification and rate analysis in construction engineering, including general and detailed specifications, technical terms, and various aspects of construction work.
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