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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of consciousness?
What is the definition of consciousness?
The state of being aware of and able to think about one's surroundings, thoughts, and sensations.
Which of the following are benefits of having consciousness? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are benefits of having consciousness? (Select all that apply)
What does the Rouge Test evaluate?
What does the Rouge Test evaluate?
Self-awareness.
Name one brain area related to consciousness.
Name one brain area related to consciousness.
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What is one of the benefits of being unconscious or sleeping?
What is one of the benefits of being unconscious or sleeping?
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How does bright light exposure help with jet lag?
How does bright light exposure help with jet lag?
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Newborns typically require ______ hours of sleep.
Newborns typically require ______ hours of sleep.
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What is phase delay?
What is phase delay?
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What are 'Owls' in sleep patterns?
What are 'Owls' in sleep patterns?
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Define circadian rhythm.
Define circadian rhythm.
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What is a zeitgeber?
What is a zeitgeber?
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Which of the following modern influences negatively affects sleep? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following modern influences negatively affects sleep? (Select all that apply)
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What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
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What is melatonin?
What is melatonin?
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Study Notes
Consciousness
- Consciousness is the state of being aware of and able to think about one's surroundings, thoughts, and sensations.
- It ranges from full awareness to deep sleep.
- Levels of attention and awareness vary between these states.
- Daydreaming while driving is an example of reduced conscious attention to the external environment.
Benefits of Consciousness
- Self-awareness: Reflecting on thoughts and behaviors leads to personal growth and decision-making.
- Problem-solving: Processing information and coming up with solutions.
- Social interaction: Effective communication and empathy vital for social relationships.
- Learning: Conscious awareness, especially attention, critical for learning and retaining information.
Tests for Consciousness/Self-awareness
- Rouge Test: Evaluates self-awareness by testing self-recognition using a spot of rouge on a child's forehead.
- Typically passed by children ages 18-24 months.
Brain Areas Related to Consciousness
- Thalamus: A relay station for sensory information, filtering and directing sensory inputs, crucial for attention and awareness.
- Reticular Formation: Regulates sleep-wake cycles, maintains alertness, and controls levels of arousal and consciousness.
Benefits of Being Unconscious/Sleeping
- Restoration: Sleep repairs tissues and restores energy.
- Memory consolidation: Important memories are strengthened, especially during REM sleep.
- Evolutionary adaptation: Sleep, crucial for survival during periods of vulnerability.
How Altered Sleep or Jet Lag Affects Behavior/Cognitive Abilities
- Decreased cognitive function: Problems with attention, memory, and decision-making occur with lack of sleep.
- Mood disturbances: Irritability and depression can result from disrupted sleep patterns.
- Physical effects: Fatigue, slower reaction times, and increased accident risk with sleep disturbances.
How Bright Light Exposure Helps Jet Lag
- Bright light signals the brain that it's time to wake up, adjusting circadian rhythms to the new time zone, mitigating jet lag symptoms.
How Sleep Requirements Change With Age
- Newborns (0-2 weeks): 14-17 hours
- Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours
- School-age children (6-13 years): 9-11 hours
- Adolescents (14-17 years): 8-10 hours
- Adults: 7-9 hours
- Older Adults (65+): 7-8 hours.
Definition of Phase Delay
- Phase delay is a shift in the sleep-wake cycle, causing bedtimes and wake-up times to be later than usual.
- Common in adolescents.
Owl vs. Lark Sleep Patterns
- Owls: Prefer to stay up late and wake up later.
- Larks: Prefer to go to sleep earlier and wake up earlier.
Definition of Circadian Rhythm
- Biological process that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, influenced by environmental cues, primarily light and darkness.
- Sleep-wake cycle is the most noticeable circadian rhythm.
Definition of Zeitgeber
- External cue that helps synchronize an organism's internal biological clock to the external environment.
- Examples include light, temperature, and meal timing.
Modern Negative Influences on Sleep
- Blue light exposure: From electronic devices interferes with melatonin production.
- Inconsistent sleep schedules: Due to rotating work shifts or social activities.
- Stress and anxiety: Make falling asleep and staying asleep more challenging.
Definition of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually winter in northern regions.
- Characterized by less sunlight, shorter days.
- Treatment often involves light therapy.
Definition of Melatonin
- Hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
- Released in response to darkness, signaling the body it's time to sleep.
What Does Blue Light Negatively Affect?
- Reduced melatonin production, impacting sleep quality and circadian rhythms, particularly with night-time exposure.
What Type of Light Is Better for Preserving Melatonin?
- Dim, warm-colored lights (red or orange) have less impact on melatonin production compared to bright, white light.
What Brain Structure Regulates Circadian Sleep Cycles?
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in the hypothalamus, receives direct input from the retina about light levels.
- Crucial for synchronizing the body's internal clock to the external environment.
What Happens If a Certain Nucleus in the Hypothalamus is Lesioned?
- Damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) disrupts regular circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles.
- Results in irregular sleep patterns, losing synchrony with environmental light-dark cycles.
Sleep Lab Measurements
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Measures brain wave activity.
- Electromyography (EMG): Monitors muscle tone.
- Electrooculography (EOG): Tracks eye movements during sleep.
Sleep Stages
- Awake: Alpha activity occurs when a person is awake but relaxed. (8-13 Hertz frequency)
- Other stages detailed in the document, explained in further detail
At What Point in Development Do People Need the Most Sleep?
- Newborns typically require 14-17 hours of sleep daily.
Definition of REM Rebound
- Increased REM sleep duration after periods of REM sleep deprivation.
- Suggests REM sleep is homeostatically regulated.
How is REM Sleep Related to Mood?
- REM sleep plays a role in regulating emotional responses and maintaining emotional well-being.
- Deprivation of REM sleep can cause mood disturbances.
What Sleep Stage Do Behaviors Happen In?
- Bedwetting, sleepwalking, and night terrors typically occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep).
What Stage Does Sleep Talking Happen in?
- Sleep talking can happen in any sleep stage, but common during non-REM stages 1 and 2.
What Does Sleep Look Like Throughout the Course of the Night?
- Sleep occurs in cycles (approximately 90 minutes).
- Cycles typically include various stages of non-REM sleep (Stages 1-4) and REM sleep.
- REM sleep periods are longer and deeper stages of non-REM sleep are less frequent as the night progresses.
Two Main Types of Memory
- Declarative Memory: Remembering facts and events (e.g., historical dates, personal experiences)
- Non-Declarative Memory: Skills and tasks learned through experience (e.g., riding a bike).
What Is Slow-Wave Sleep Also Important For?
- Physical restoration: Repairing tissues, and maintaining energy levels.
- Growth hormone release: Crucial for physical development and repair.
Vertebrate Sleep Patterns
- All vertebrates experience some form of sleep.
- Only birds and mammals experience REM sleep.
Definition of Activation-Synthesis Theory
- Dreams result from the brain attempting to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.
Definition of Evolutionary Analysis
- Dreams may have evolved to simulate threatening situations, allowing individuals to practice responses in a safe environment.
Types of Sleep Disorders
- Nightmares: Typically during REM sleep.
- Lucid Dreaming: Ability to become aware that one is dreaming.
- Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, onset and/or maintenance
- Stimulants and anxiety can cause Insomnia
- Narcolepsy: Sudden, uncontrollable sleep episodes during the day.
- Sleep Paralysis: Body's inability to move, during REM sleep when brain is awake.
- Cataplexy: Sudden loss of muscle tone while awake, triggered by strong emotions
- Sleep Apnea: Frequent pauses in breathing during sleep
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Caused by blockage of the airway.
- Central Sleep Apnea: Brain failing to send proper signals to muscles controlling breathing.
- CPAP Machine: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine, used to treat sleep apnea.
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Sudden death of an infant while sleeping
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Lack of muscle paralysis in REM, sleep movements.
- Sleep-Related Eating Disorder: Eating behaviors during non-REM sleep.
- Fatal Familial Insomnia: Rare genetic disorder with progressive sleep loss
- Blindsight: respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving it, due to damage.
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Description
Explore the concepts of consciousness, self-awareness, and their benefits through this quiz. Understand the various states of consciousness and how they impact learning, problem-solving, and social interactions. Test your knowledge on the tests used to measure self-awareness, such as the Rouge Test.
