40 Questions
Which level of mental activity is inaccessible to conscious awareness?
Non-conscious level
Which view suggests that mind and brain are one and the same?
Materialism
Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by deep (delta wave) sleep?
Stage 4
Which stage of non-REM sleep is accompanied by gradually slower and deeper breathing, a calm and regular heartbeat, reduced blood pressure, and slower brain waves?
Stage 3
Which stage of non-REM sleep is quite difficult to wake up from?
Stage 4
Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements beneath closed eyelids?
REM Sleep
Which sleep stage is also known as slow-wave sleep?
Stage 4
Which sleep stage is dominated by stage 2 and REM sleep?
REM Sleep
How many times do most people pass through the cycle of sleep stages each night?
4-6 times
After how many minutes in stage 4 does a person enter REM sleep?
30-45 minutes
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of paradoxical sleep?
EEG resembles that of an awake person, muscles are paralyzed
What is the definition of circadian rhythm?
A cycle that repeats about once a day
Which theory suggests that dreams are a way of satisfying unconscious urges or resolving unconscious conflicts?
Psychodynamic view
According to the cognitive view, why do mammals dream?
To analyze and consolidate information with personal significance or survival value
What does the biological view suggest about the nature of dreams?
Dreams are the meaningless by-products of REM sleep
What happens to memory retention when people are REM-deprived?
Memory retention worsens
Which physiological factors are similar between REM sleep and wakefulness?
EEG and heart rate
What is the purpose of sleep according to some researchers?
All of the above
Which part of the brain is involved in the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?
Cerebral cortex
What are the characteristics of REM sleep?
EEG resembles that of an awake person, muscles are paralyzed
Which of the following best describes consciousness?
An aspect of various mental processes
What is one function of consciousness?
To regulate thought and behavior
What does variations in quantity of consciousness result in?
Different levels of consciousness
Which of the following is NOT a level of consciousness?
Subconscious
What is the purpose of consciousness according to the text?
To provide the best interpretation of sensory information
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of consciousness?
Awareness of unconscious processes
What is one example of a mental process that can be conscious?
Memory
Which of the following is true about consciousness?
There is no testable model of conscious experience
What is one example of a variation in state of consciousness?
Sleeping
What is one example of mental activity occurring at other levels of consciousness?
Dreaming
Which of the following is a function of consciousness?
Monitoring mental events
What is consciousness defined as?
Awareness of mental processes
What do variations in quantity of consciousness result in?
Different levels of consciousness
What is one function of consciousness?
Regulating thought and behavior
What does consciousness help you engage in?
Adaptive blending of sensory input, motor responses, and knowledge resources
How many levels of consciousness are mentioned in the text?
Three
What is not an aspect of consciousness?
Physical sensations
What is not a function of consciousness?
Storing long-term memories
What is consciousness not?
A sensory perception
When are there variations in state of consciousness?
When sleeping or under the influence of a mind-altering drug
Study Notes
Consciousness
- Unconscious mind is a level of mental activity inaccessible to conscious awareness
- Consciousness is characterized by subjective experience, awareness, and sentience
Philosophy of Mind
- Monism suggests that mind and brain are one and the same entity
Sleep Stages
- Stage 4 non-REM sleep is characterized by deep (delta wave) sleep
- Stage 2 non-REM sleep is accompanied by gradually slower and deeper breathing, a calm and regular heartbeat, reduced blood pressure, and slower brain waves
- Stage 4 non-REM sleep is quite difficult to wake up from
- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements beneath closed eyelids
- Slow-wave sleep is another term for stage 3 and 4 non-REM sleep
- Most people pass through the cycle of sleep stages 4-6 times each night
- After 90 minutes in stage 4, a person enters REM sleep
- Paradoxical sleep is characterized by brain activity similar to wakefulness, rapid eye movements, and vivid dreams
- Circadian rhythm is a term describing the internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle
Theories of Dreaming
- Psychoanalytic theory suggests that dreams are a way of satisfying unconscious urges or resolving unconscious conflicts
- Cognitive view proposes that mammals dream to process and consolidate memories
- Biological view suggests that dreams are a byproduct of brain activity during REM sleep
REM Sleep
- REM-deprivation can lead to impaired memory retention
- Physiological factors similar between REM sleep and wakefulness include brain activity, heart rate, and blood pressure
- The purpose of sleep, according to some researchers, is to clear waste from the brain
Activation-Synthesis Theory
- The brain stem is involved in the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
Consciousness
- Consciousness is defined as subjective experience, awareness, and sentience
- One function of consciousness is to help engage in intentional behavior
- Variations in quantity of consciousness result in varying levels of arousal
- The purpose of consciousness is to provide awareness of internal and external stimuli
- Automatic processes, such as digestion, are not characteristic of consciousness
- One example of a mental process that can be conscious is problem-solving
- Variations in state of consciousness occur during sleep, dreaming, and altered states
Test your knowledge on consciousness, sleep, and dreams with this quiz! Learn about the functions of consciousness and levels of conscious experience. Discover the different aspects of mental processes and explore the fascinating world of our thoughts, actions, feelings, sensations, and perceptions.
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