Questions and Answers
What are membranes?
What do epithelial membranes consist of?
An epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer (lamina propria).
What do synovial membranes line?
Joints.
In which cavities do mucous membranes line?
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What is lamina propria?
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What are serous membranes composed of?
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What layers constitute cutaneous membranes?
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What is the main function of muscle tissue?
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Skeletal muscle tissue is involuntary.
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What characterizes cardiac muscle tissue?
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Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
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What is the role of neurons?
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What are dendrites?
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What does the axon do?
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What are excitable cells?
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What is tissue repair?
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How are epithelial cells repaired?
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Which type of tissue has a poor capacity for renewal?
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Fibrosis is the process of __________.
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What are adhesions?
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What does tissue engineering involve?
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Which factors affect tissue repair?
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What is a sign of aging affecting tissue repair?
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Autoimmune disorders identify foreign tissues accurately.
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What is Sjögren's syndrome?
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What characterizes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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Study Notes
Membranes
- Membranes are pliable tissue sheets covering or lining body parts.
Epithelial Membranes
- Comprise an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer (lamina propria).
- Include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes.
Synovial Membranes
- Line joints and consist only of connective tissue.
- Contain no epithelial cells; special cells secrete synovial fluid.
Mucous Membranes
- Line cavities opening to the exterior (e.g., mouth, stomach).
- Feature tight junctions to prevent diffusion; mucous keeps surfaces moist.
Lamina Propria
- The connective tissue layer found in mucous membranes.
Serous Membranes
- Comprised of simple squamous cells over a loose connective tissue layer.
- Form parietal and visceral layers; line pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium.
- Can lead to pleurisy, peritonitis, or pericarditis when serous fluid accumulates.
Cutaneous Membranes
- Comprise the epidermis and dermis; cover body surfaces.
Muscle Tissue
- Made of fibers modified for contraction, providing motion, posture, and heat production.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones; features long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Striated, involuntary muscle forming the heart wall; consists of branched cylinders with a single central nucleus.
Smooth (Visceral) Muscle Tissue
- Found in hollow internal structures (e.g., blood vessels, viscera).
- Non-striated and involuntary; regulates blood vessel constriction and digestive tract propulsion.
Nervous Tissue
- Consists of two primary cell types: neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons
- Sensitive to stimuli; convert and conduct nerve impulses to other cells.
- Comprised of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.
Dendrites
- Carry signals toward the cell body.
Axons
- Transmit signals away from the cell body.
Excitable Cells
- Neurons and muscle fibers can generate action potentials (electrical excitability).
Tissue Repair
- Involves replacing damaged or dead cells; varies by tissue type.
Epithelial Repair
- Achieved through the division of stem or undifferentiated cells.
Connective Tissue Repair
- Bone shows continuous renewal capacity; cartilage renews less frequently.
Muscle Repair
- Muscle cells have limited renewal ability.
Nervous Tissue Repair
- Has the least capacity for renewal among tissue types.
Fibrosis
- Characterized by scar formation; extensive injuries may lead to granulation tissue development.
Adhesions
- Result from scar tissue; can cause abnormal tissue joining, leading to complications like intestinal obstruction.
Tissue Engineering
- Involves laboratory-grown new tissues, such as skin and cartilage, with scaffolding for cell growth.
Conditions Affecting Tissue Repair
- Factors include nutrition, blood circulation, and aging.
Nutrition: Affecting Tissue Repair
- Adequate protein supports structural integrity; vitamin C is crucial for collagen and blood vessel production.
Blood Circulation: Affecting Tissue Repair
- Proper circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste and bacteria.
Aging: Affecting Tissue Repair
- Collagen quality declines, elastin fibers can abnormally bond to calcium, and cell division/protein synthesis slow down.
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
- Specific organ disorders, such as skin cancer, impact epithelial tissues.
Autoimmune Disorders
- Commonly affect connective tissues; antibodies mistakenly target the body's own tissues.
Sjögren's Syndrome
- Results in exocrine gland inflammation, causing dry mouth and eyes, affecting 20% of older adults.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Chronic connective tissue inflammation primarily affects nonwhite women during childbearing years; can be life-threatening if major organs are involved.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of connective tissue membranes through these flashcards. This resource covers various membrane types, including epithelial and synovial membranes, along with their definitions. Ideal for students studying anatomy and physiology.
