Connective Tissue and Marfan Syndrome

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Questions and Answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by its fluid nature?

Dense connective tissue

Fluid connective tissue (correct)

Supportive connective tissue

Proper connective tissue

What is the key characteristic of Marfan syndrome?

It is caused by a mutation in the fibrillin-1 protein. (correct)

It's a skeletal muscle disorder.

It is a deficiency disease caused by poor nutrition.

It primarily affects the digestive tract.

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found only in the heart?

Striated muscle

Cardiac muscle (correct)

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

What type of connective tissue provides layers and wrappings for organs?

Fascia Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes skeletal muscle cells from smooth muscle cells?

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of Marfan syndrome?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for the involuntary movements in hollow organs?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily associated with the support and framework of the body?

Supportive connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from smooth muscle cells?

Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurons in neural tissue?

Perform electrical communication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes smooth muscle cells?

They are involuntary and can divide. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane lines cavities not open to the outside and contains two layers?

Serous membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following membranes lines passageways with external connections?

Mucous membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic do neuroglia have compared to neurons?

They do not perform electrical communication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a serous membrane?

Parietal and visceral layers with fluid in between. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue includes cardiac muscle cells that are regulated by pacemaker cells?

Muscle tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synovial membranes?

To line articulating joint cavities and produce synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for cleaning up the area during inflammation?

Phagocytic white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of necrosis during the inflammatory process?

Formation of pus Signup and view all the answers

What happens during vasodilation in response to injury?

Blood circulation increases, causing warmth and redness Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type has poor regenerative capacity?

Neurons and cardiac cells Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers the inflammatory response?

Trauma and infection Signup and view all the answers

What role do mast cells play during inflammation?

Release chemical mediators that trigger vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the beginning of the regeneration phase after an injury?

Injury or infection is cleaned up Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of inflammation?

Excessive energy Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect connective tissues?

Connective tissues thin, leading to increased bruising and impaired healing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Connective Tissue Categories

Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue.
Fluid connective tissue includes blood and lymph.
Supportive connective tissue includes bone and cartilage.
Loose connective tissue can be areolar, adipose or reticular.
Dense connective tissue can be irregular, regular or elastic.
Cartilage can be hyaline, elastic or fibrocartilage.

Fascia

Fascia is the connective tissue framework of the body.
Acts as a support structure surrounding organs.
Provides pathways for blood vessels, lymphatic channels, and nerves.
Consists of three layers: superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia.

Marfan Syndrome

Is a genetic disorder affecting connective tissue.
Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Caused by an abnormality in the fibrillin-1 protein.
Characterized by skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular manifestations.
Skeletal manifestations include tall stature, long limbs and fingers, and loose joints.
Ocular manifestations include lens dislocation.
Cardiovascular manifestations include heart valve abnormalities and aortic dissecting aneurysm.

Muscle Tissue

Specialized for contraction.
Three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal muscles are responsible for body movement.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
Smooth muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, and the urinary and digestive tracts.

Classification of Muscle Cells

Can be striated or nonstriated.
Can be voluntary or involuntary.
Can be mononucleated or multinucleated.

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long and thin.
Do not divide.
Produced by stem cells called satellite cells.
Lack centrioles, which explains their inability to divide.

Cardiac Muscle Cells (Cardiomyocytes)

Striated, involuntary, mononucleated, branching, connected at intercalated discs.
Do not divide.
Regulated by pacemaker cells.

Smooth Muscle Cells

Nonstriated, involuntary, mononucleated, small and tapered (spindle-shaped).
Can divide and regenerate.

Neural Tissue

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses.
Rapidly senses internal or external environments.
Processes information and controls responses.
98% of neural tissue is located in the brain and spinal cord.

Types of Neural Cells

Neurons are functional nerve cells that conduct electrical communication.
Neurons do not divide because they lack centrioles.
Neuroglia are support cells for neurons, providing repair and nutrient supply.

Membranes

Physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body.
Composed of epithelium and areolar connective tissue (lamina propria).

Types of Membranes

There are four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial.

Mucous Membranes (Mucosa)

Line passageways with external connections, such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Contain mucous secretions for lubrication, reducing friction and facilitating absorption and excretion.
Composed of epithelial surfaces and connective tissue (lamina propria) which is areolar tissue.

Serous Membranes

Line cavities not open to the outside, like the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thin but strong, with two layers: parietal layer that lines the cavity and visceral layers that cover organs.
Possess a fluid between the layers to reduce friction.
Consist of mesothelium (epithelium) and areolar tissue.

Cavities and Serous Membranes

Pleura covers lungs.
Pericardium covers the heart.
Peritoneum covers abdominal organs.

Cutaneous Membranes (Skin)

The outer surface of the body.
Thick, waterproof and dry.
Composed of stratified squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue.

Synovial Membranes

Line articulating (moving) joint cavities.
Produce synovial fluid, a lubricant that protects bone ends.
Lack true epithelium.
Composed of articular (hyaline) tissue, synovial fluid, a capsule, capillaries, adipocytes, areolar tissue, synovial epithelium, and bone.

Tissue Injuries and Repair

Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis.
Two processes are involved in restoring homeostasis: inflammation and regeneration (healing).

Inflammation

The first response to injury.
Triggered by trauma or infection.
Manifests as pain, tenderness, swelling, redness, and hotness.

Inflammatory Process (1)

Damaged cells release chemicals into the interstitial fluid.
Cell breakdown leads to necrosis, resulting in pus, and sometimes abscesses.
Mast cells release chemicals mediators.
Vasodilation occurs, increasing blood circulation in the area, leading to warmth and redness.

Inflammatory Process (2)

Vasodilation brings more nutrients and oxygen and removes wastes.
Plasma diffuses into the area causing swelling and pain.
Phagocytic white blood cells clean up the area.

Regeneration (Healing)

Begins when injury or infection is cleaned up.
Depends on the cell type.
Epithelial and connective tissues regenerate well.
Cardiac cells and neurons do not regenerate, so wounds heal by scar tissue formation.

Process of Regeneration

New cells are produced by stem cells and migrate to the area.
Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers, resulting in scar tissue.

Effects of Aging on Tissues

Epithelial and connective tissue thinning occurs.
Increased bruising and impaired healing are observed.
Increased bone brittleness and fractures are common.
Joint pain and degeneration occur frequently.
Muscle wasting and weakness become prevalent.
Cardiovascular disease, mental deterioration, and other age-related changes occur.

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Description

This quiz covers the categories of connective tissue, including proper, fluid, and supportive types, as well as the role of fascia. Additionally, it explores Marfan syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, detailing its characteristics and hereditary nature.