Connective Tissue and Lipid Metabolism

TH increases lipolysis and decreases lipogenesis in connective tissue cells.

The glucose-sparing effect refers to the preservation of blood glucose for the brain by utilizing fatty acids for cellular respiration.

TH stimulates an increase in respiration rate to meet the higher oxygen demands of the body.

<p>Na+/K+ pumps help to move sodium and potassium ions across the membrane, converting ATP chemical energy into mechanical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second law of thermodynamics states that heat is produced during energy conversion, resulting in increased body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TH increases heart rate and force of contraction to enhance blood flow and nutrient delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heat production is significant because it contributes to the rise in body temperature and reflects heightened metabolic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TH increases the number of cellular receptors for these hormones in cardiac muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose is the primary nutrient for nervous tissue, making it essential for cellular respiration and energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the alarm reaction, pupils dilate, bronchioles dilate, and respiration rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, triggering stress responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, which is increased during stress to meet energy demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipolysis leads to an increase in glycerol and fatty acids in the blood, providing alternative nutrients for gluconeogenesis in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose uptake in most cells is inhibited during stress, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein catabolism increases while protein synthesis decreases, resulting in elevated amino acid levels in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas performs both exocrine functions by secreting digestive enzymes and endocrine functions by releasing hormones like insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta cells in the pancreatic islets are responsible for the secretion of insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin lowers blood glucose concentration by facilitating glucose uptake in tissues and promoting storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon raises blood glucose concentration by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver and promoting gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum to assist in the digestion of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different islet cells, such as alpha and beta cells, are distinguished by their histological appearance and the specific hormones they secrete, like glucagon and insulin respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin and glucagon maintain homeostasis by balancing blood sugar levels; insulin decreases them while glucagon increases them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malfunction of the pancreatic islets can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by impaired insulin production or action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary target organs of cortisol include the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue; it promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver, increases protein catabolism in muscles, and stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas is classified as an exocrine gland because it secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and as an endocrine gland because it releases hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha cells secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels, while beta cells secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatostatin regulates the secretion of both insulin and glucagon, thereby playing a critical role in the balance of glucose levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon primarily promotes glycogenolysis in the liver and increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and releasing glucose into circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic polypeptide plays a role in the regulation of pancreatic secretions and may influence appetite and food intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic islets are composed of clusters of alpha, beta, delta, and F cells, with beta cells typically located in the central region, surrounded by alpha cells and other cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons, kidney cells, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP acts as a second messenger in the signal transduction pathway initiated by glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the likelihood of cells using glucose over fatty acids and amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By chemoreceptors in the alpha cells of the pancreas detecting decreased blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers