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Questions and Answers
What is the total number of representatives in the House?
What is the total number of representatives in the House?
Senators serve 2-year terms.
Senators serve 2-year terms.
False (B)
What is gerrymandering?
What is gerrymandering?
Manipulating district boundaries to favor one political party.
How many years must a senator be a citizen of the United States?
How many years must a senator be a citizen of the United States?
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Who is the most powerful leader in the House?
Who is the most powerful leader in the House?
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What is the minimum number of members needed for a quorum in the House?
What is the minimum number of members needed for a quorum in the House?
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What does the 27th Amendment state?
What does the 27th Amendment state?
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The House is composed of __________ elected representatives.
The House is composed of __________ elected representatives.
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The Senate has 2 representatives per state.
The Senate has 2 representatives per state.
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What is the primary responsibility of congressional committees?
What is the primary responsibility of congressional committees?
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What role does the Senate Majority Leader play?
What role does the Senate Majority Leader play?
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What is the term length for members of the House of Representatives?
What is the term length for members of the House of Representatives?
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What is required for filling a vacancy in the House during the first session of Congress?
What is required for filling a vacancy in the House during the first session of Congress?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement to be elected to the House of Representatives?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement to be elected to the House of Representatives?
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How often must all members of the House run for reelection?
How often must all members of the House run for reelection?
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What is the process called that involves redrawing congressional district boundaries?
What is the process called that involves redrawing congressional district boundaries?
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Which statement best describes the continuity of the House of Representatives?
Which statement best describes the continuity of the House of Representatives?
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When do representatives officially begin their term of office after being elected?
When do representatives officially begin their term of office after being elected?
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What stipulation does the Constitution include regarding House representation for states?
What stipulation does the Constitution include regarding House representation for states?
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What is the primary role of an administrative assistant (AA) for a lawmaker?
What is the primary role of an administrative assistant (AA) for a lawmaker?
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What key function do legislative assistants (LAs) perform for lawmakers?
What key function do legislative assistants (LAs) perform for lawmakers?
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Which of the following statements is true about personal staff in Congress?
Which of the following statements is true about personal staff in Congress?
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Where do a significant number of personal staff members for House members work?
Where do a significant number of personal staff members for House members work?
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What is one of the responsibilities of legislative assistants during Congress meetings?
What is one of the responsibilities of legislative assistants during Congress meetings?
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What is the primary function of the Rules Committee in the legislative process?
What is the primary function of the Rules Committee in the legislative process?
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How does the Rules Committee assist in managing conflicts between House committees?
How does the Rules Committee assist in managing conflicts between House committees?
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What type of relationship is important for an administrative assistant to cultivate?
What type of relationship is important for an administrative assistant to cultivate?
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What do legislative assistants typically do to inform their lawmakers about legislation?
What do legislative assistants typically do to inform their lawmakers about legislation?
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What happens to major bills after they are approved by a committee?
What happens to major bills after they are approved by a committee?
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How do the personal staff members assist lawmakers in their daily responsibilities?
How do the personal staff members assist lawmakers in their daily responsibilities?
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What might the Rules Committee do with a bill that is not favored by House leaders or representatives?
What might the Rules Committee do with a bill that is not favored by House leaders or representatives?
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What problem does the chairperson of the committee that sent the bill to the Rules Committee try to solve?
What problem does the chairperson of the committee that sent the bill to the Rules Committee try to solve?
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Why did the American colonies have a degree of self-governance over 150 years after settling Jamestown?
Why did the American colonies have a degree of self-governance over 150 years after settling Jamestown?
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How did the economic relationship between the American colonies and Great Britain function?
How did the economic relationship between the American colonies and Great Britain function?
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What was one significant outcome of the colonies being over 3,000 miles away from Britain?
What was one significant outcome of the colonies being over 3,000 miles away from Britain?
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What is the primary purpose of giving senators six-year terms?
What is the primary purpose of giving senators six-year terms?
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What occurs if a senator dies or resigns during their term?
What occurs if a senator dies or resigns during their term?
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What does the Twenty-seventh Amendment prevent Congress from doing?
What does the Twenty-seventh Amendment prevent Congress from doing?
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Which of the following represents a privilege enjoyed by members of Congress?
Which of the following represents a privilege enjoyed by members of Congress?
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Which statement about cost-of-living salary adjustments for Congress members is accurate?
Which statement about cost-of-living salary adjustments for Congress members is accurate?
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What can Congress do regarding the qualifications of its members?
What can Congress do regarding the qualifications of its members?
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What is one of the benefits that members of Congress receive?
What is one of the benefits that members of Congress receive?
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What does the 'franking privilege' allow members of Congress to do?
What does the 'franking privilege' allow members of Congress to do?
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What is the main purpose of Congress as described in the content?
What is the main purpose of Congress as described in the content?
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Which statement about Congressional terms is accurate?
Which statement about Congressional terms is accurate?
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What determines the number of representatives each state has in the House?
What determines the number of representatives each state has in the House?
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What is a requirement for someone to be elected as a representative in the House?
What is a requirement for someone to be elected as a representative in the House?
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What significant role does the President have in relation to Congress?
What significant role does the President have in relation to Congress?
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How does the membership size of the House of Representatives compare to that of the Senate?
How does the membership size of the House of Representatives compare to that of the Senate?
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In what year does a new Congressional term begin?
In what year does a new Congressional term begin?
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Why do states receive at least one seat in the House of Representatives?
Why do states receive at least one seat in the House of Representatives?
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Which case ruled that students' First Amendment rights can be limited in school newspapers?
Which case ruled that students' First Amendment rights can be limited in school newspapers?
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What constitutional principle allows the government to limit citizens' rights during wartime?
What constitutional principle allows the government to limit citizens' rights during wartime?
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Which case determined that the death penalty is constitutional?
Which case determined that the death penalty is constitutional?
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What was established by the case United States v. Nixon?
What was established by the case United States v. Nixon?
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Which case determined that flag burning is a constitutional form of free speech?
Which case determined that flag burning is a constitutional form of free speech?
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In which case did the Supreme Court rule that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school?
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school?
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What right is guaranteed to a person accused of a crime?
What right is guaranteed to a person accused of a crime?
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What principle was ruled unconstitutional in the case related to separate schooling?
What principle was ruled unconstitutional in the case related to separate schooling?
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Which case established the principle of judicial review?
Which case established the principle of judicial review?
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What was the primary outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland?
What was the primary outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland?
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Which Supreme Court case dealt with the issue of segregation in public schools?
Which Supreme Court case dealt with the issue of segregation in public schools?
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In which case did the Supreme Court rule that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court?
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court?
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Which case ruled that the establishment clause prohibits school-sponsored prayer?
Which case ruled that the establishment clause prohibits school-sponsored prayer?
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What was established by the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision?
What was established by the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision?
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Which case upheld the principle of 'separate but equal'?
Which case upheld the principle of 'separate but equal'?
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Which landmark case affirmed the right to free speech for students in public schools?
Which landmark case affirmed the right to free speech for students in public schools?
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Study Notes
Congressional Structure
- Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
- Congressional terms begin on January 3 of odd years.
- Senators serve 6-year terms with 2 senators per state, while House representatives serve 2-year terms, totaling 435 representatives.
House of Representatives
- Qualifications for House members include being at least 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years, and a state resident.
- 90% of House representatives are reelected, reflecting a strong incumbent advantage.
- Representation is apportioned based on the U.S. Census every 10 years, allowing for reapportionment.
- Redistricting involves establishing new district boundaries; it can lead to gerrymandering, the manipulation of district lines to favor a particular party.
Senate
- Senate qualifications require members to be at least 30 years old, a citizen for 9 years, and a state resident.
- Senators are elected by the voters of their state during even-numbered years.
- The 27th Amendment prevents Congress from giving itself a pay raise until after the next election.
Leadership in the House
- The Speaker of the House is the most powerful leader, chosen by the majority party, and is second in presidential succession.
- Majority and Minority leaders team with Whips to manage party strategy and track votes.
Lawmaking Process in the House
- Most legislative work occurs in committees, with the Speaker scheduling bills for consideration.
- The House Rules Committee plays a critical role in determining how bills are presented and voted upon.
- A quorum, requiring 218 members, is necessary for voting on bills.
Senate Functions
- The Senate is led by a majority leader who directs legislative priorities and ensures member attendance.
- The Vice President presides over the Senate and only votes in case of ties.
- Filibuster allows extended debate on legislation, while cloture restricts debate time for senators.
Role of Committees
- Committees are essential in dividing labor within Congress and examining specific issues.
- Types of committees include standing, select, joint, and conference committees, each serving unique purposes.
- Seniority often determines committee leadership positions.
Congressional Staff
- Congressional staff manage workloads, coordinate communications with constituents, and support committee functions.
- Types of staff include administrative assistants, legislative assistants, and caseworkers, each with specific responsibilities.
Support Agencies
- The Library of Congress is the largest library globally, housing extensive resources to aid congressional work.
- The Congressional Budget Office evaluates budget proposals and projects program costs.
- The Government Accountability Office reviews government programs' financial management and provides oversight.
- The Government Printing Office handles official publications and printing needs for Congress.
Congress Overview
- Congress is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.
- Established to hold more power than other government branches, reflecting the founders' emphasis on the lawmaking process.
- James Madison regarded Congress as "the First Branch of this Government."
Congressional Sessions
- Each Congress term starts on January 3 of odd-numbered years and lasts two years.
- Every Congress has two sessions; each session spans one year with recesses for holidays.
- Congress requires mutual approval between the House and Senate for adjournment beyond three days.
House of Representatives Membership
- Comprising 435 members, the House is larger than the Senate.
- Representation is based on population; every state gets at least one seat.
- Members must be at least 25 years old, U.S. citizens for 7 years, and residents of their state.
- House members serve two-year terms with elections every even-numbered November.
Redistricting
- States redraw congressional district boundaries every ten years after apportionment.
- District lines can be manipulated, leading to gerrymandering, where boundaries are drawn for political advantage.
- House members generally serve longer due to high reelection rates exceeding 90%.
Legislative Salary and Benefits
- The Twenty-seventh Amendment limits Congress from raising salaries; increases take effect after an election.
- Members receive benefits like franking privilege, medical clinics, and significant allowances for office expenses.
Member Privileges
- Members are protected from arrest while attending Congress, except for serious offenses.
- They cannot be sued for statements made during Congress proceedings but can face consequences for statements outside official meetings.
Rules Committee Function
- The Rules Committee manages the flow of major bills in the House, controlling debate and revision limits.
- It can prioritize certain bills and resolve disputes among committees over jurisdiction.
Historical Context
- Colonists governed themselves largely due to geographical distance from Great Britain, leading to representative self-rule.
- Committees serve as the backbone of Congressional structure, with substantial staffing to assist in legislative processes.
Personal Staff Roles
- Lawmakers employ various personal staff, including administrative assistants (AAs) and legislative assistants (LAs).
- AAs oversee the lawmaker's office and schedule, while LAs inform lawmakers about bills, conduct research, and assist in committee meetings.
Legislative Process and Meetings
- Lawmakers rely on LAs to stay informed, as they can't attend all committee meetings.
- LAs prepare materials for lawmakers, ensuring they are ready for discussions and debates on the House or Senate floor.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the authority to invalidate legislative and executive actions.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Upheld the supremacy clause of the Constitution, allowing federal laws to take precedence over state laws.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
- Asserted that the federal government has the power to regulate interstate commerce, reinforcing federal authority.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
- Ruled that during wartime, the government could limit civil liberties to protect national security, specifically regarding internment camps for Japanese Americans.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Established the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing racial segregation in public facilities.
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas (1954)
- Declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and promoting desegregation.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
- Affirmed that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in federal court, highlighting the injustices of slavery.
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)
- Held that private businesses could not discriminate based on race, applying civil rights laws to private establishments.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
- Upheld busing as a method for achieving school desegregation, stressing the importance of enforcing integration measures.
Bakke v. The Board of Regents of the University of California (1978)
- Addressed affirmative action in college admissions, ruling that racial quotas were unconstitutional but affirmed the need for diversity.
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
- Confirmed the constitutionality of the death penalty as long as it was applied fairly and without discrimination.
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
- Ruled that the death penalty, as applied in certain cases, constituted cruel and unusual punishment, leading to moratoriums in its application.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
- Established the exclusionary rule, preventing the use of illegally obtained evidence in court proceedings.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
- Held that the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to counsel for criminal defendants, ensuring legal representation.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
- Mandated that individuals taken into police custody must be informed of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
- Ruled that students may be searched in schools if there is reasonable suspicion that a violation of law or school rules has occurred.
Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)
- Affirmed that students have the right to free speech in schools, provided it does not disrupt educational activities.
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
- Confirmed that schools can prohibit lewd or indecent speech during school events, balancing student rights with educational standards.
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
- Allowed school administrators to exercise editorial control over student newspapers, limiting students' free speech rights within educational contexts.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
- Prohibited school-sponsored prayer in public schools, reinforcing the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
- Affirmed the right to burn the American flag as a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
- Established a woman's legal right to choose an abortion, balancing personal privacy with state interests.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
- Recognized a right to privacy concerning marital contraception, influencing later rulings on privacy laws.
United States v. Nixon (1972)
- Limited the scope of "executive privilege," ruling that the president is not above the law and must comply with judicial demands for evidence.
Schenck v. United States (1919)
- Established that free speech can be limited during wartime, setting the precedent for the "clear and present danger" test.
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Description
Explore the structure and membership of the U.S. Congress in this quiz. Learn about the bicameral system, terms of service, and the roles of both the Senate and House of Representatives. Test your knowledge of congressional terms and functions.