Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is best defined as:

What is the estimated average incidence of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in live births?

Which diagnostic modality is typically considered the primary method for evaluating most Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)?

During fetal circulation, which of the following structures allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and enter the inferior vena cava?

Prostaglandins play a crucial role in maintaining the patency of which fetal circulatory structure?

Which of the following is classified as a non-cyanotic, left-to-right shunt lesion?

Which genetic abnormality is most commonly associated with Atrioventricular septal defects?

Maternal rubella infection during pregnancy is a known environmental risk factor for which condition in the offspring?

An Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is characterized by:

What type of murmur is typically associated with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A 'fixed widely split S2' heart sound is a classic finding in which congenital heart defect?

When is the optimal time for elective surgical or catheterization closure of an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in an asymptomatic child?

What is Eisenmenger's syndrome, a potential complication of untreated left-to-right shunts, characterized by?

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) differs from Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in that PFO:

Which congenital heart defect is the most common in infancy and childhood?

A holosystolic murmur, best heard at the lower left sternal border or Erb's point, is most characteristic of:

In managing a large, symptomatic Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in an infant, which of the following is typically prioritized?

A continuous 'machinery-like' murmur is classically associated with which congenital heart defect?

In preterm infants, Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) can be medically closed using:

Coarctation of the aorta primarily involves:

In a patient with coarctation of the aorta, blood pressure findings typically include:

Diminished or delayed femoral pulses compared to brachial pulses (brachial-femoral delay) is a clinical sign suggestive of:

Rib notching on chest X-ray is a radiographic finding characteristic of:

What is the classic presentation of coarctation of the aorta in young adults?

Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by a combination of four anatomical defects. Which of the following is NOT one of these defects?

What is the most common cause of cyanosis in infancy and childhood?

A hypercyanotic 'tet spell' in Tetralogy of Fallot is typically caused by:

Knee-to-chest position is a beneficial immediate intervention for a 'tet spell' because it:

A 'boot-shaped heart' on chest X-ray is a classic finding in:

Truncus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect where:

In Truncus Arteriosus, pulmonary circulation is exposed to very high pressures, leading to heart failure typically within:

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) is characterized by:

Survival in Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) in the early days of life depends on:

An 'egg-on-a-string' appearance on chest X-ray is highly suggestive of:

Tricuspid atresia is defined by:

In Tricuspid Atresia, blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium through which structure?

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) is a condition where:

A 'snowman' or 'figure of 8' appearance on chest X-ray is characteristic of which type of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)?

Ebstein's anomaly primarily affects which cardiac valve?

Maternal lithium use during pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of which congenital cardiac anomaly?

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) is characterized by:

In Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), which structure becomes the primary pumping chamber?

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is administered in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) to:

According to current guidelines, which of the following conditions necessitates endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures?

Which of the following is NOT typically a 'red flag' symptom in pediatrics that may indicate underlying cardiac issues?

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is primarily characterized by abnormalities in:

The majority of congenital heart defects are believed to originate from:

What is the approximate average incidence of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) per 1000 live births?

The clinical presentation of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is most directly dependent on:

Which imaging modality is typically considered the gold standard for evaluating most types of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)?

During fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus primarily shunts blood away from the:

Prostaglandins are essential during fetal life to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Which of the following is the primary effect of prostaglandins on the ductus arteriosus?

Which of the following is classified as a cyanotic congenital heart defect?

Down syndrome is most strongly associated with which type of congenital heart defect?

Maternal rubella infection during the first trimester is a known risk factor for congenital heart defects, especially:

An Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is best described as:

What type of heart murmur is most typically auscultated in a patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A 'fixed widely split S2' heart sound is a hallmark finding in which congenital cardiac anomaly?

In an asymptomatic child with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), when is the generally recommended timeframe for elective surgical or catheterization closure?

Eisenmenger's syndrome, a severe complication of untreated left-to-right shunts, is characterized by:

How does a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) differ fundamentally from an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Which congenital heart defect is recognized as the most prevalent in infancy and childhood?

A holosystolic murmur, best heard at the lower left sternal border or Erb's point, is most indicative of:

In managing a symptomatic infant with a large Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), what is usually the initial priority?

In preterm infants, Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) can often be medically closed using:

Coarctation of the aorta is characterized by:

In a patient diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta, typical blood pressure findings would include:

Diminished or delayed femoral pulses when compared to brachial pulses (brachial-femoral delay) is a crucial clinical sign suggesting:

Rib notching observed on a chest X-ray is a radiographic finding classically associated with:

What is the classic presentation of coarctation of the aorta in young adults, often leading to its diagnosis?

Which of the following anatomical defects is NOT a component of Tetralogy of Fallot?

In infants and children, what is the most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A hypercyanotic 'tet spell' in Tetralogy of Fallot is typically triggered by a sudden:

The knee-to-chest position is a beneficial immediate intervention for a 'tet spell' because it primarily aims to:

A 'boot-shaped heart' configuration on a chest X-ray is a classic radiographic finding in:

In Truncus Arteriosus, heart failure typically develops within weeks of birth due to:

In Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA), survival in the neonatal period is critically dependent on:

In Tricuspid Atresia, how does blood typically flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?

Maternal use of lithium during pregnancy has been associated with an increased incidence of which specific congenital cardiac anomaly?

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) is fundamentally characterized by:

In Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), which cardiac chamber becomes the primary pumping chamber for systemic circulation?

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is administered in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) primarily to:

According to current guidelines, which condition definitively necessitates endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures?

Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be a 'red flag' indicating underlying cardiac issues in a pediatric patient?

A 2-year-old child presents with frequent respiratory infections and poor weight gain. On auscultation, a holosystolic murmur is heard best at the lower left sternal border with a palpable thrill. The murmur does not radiate and is not affected by position. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn presents with severe cyanosis shortly after birth. CXR shows a narrow mediastinum and an "egg-on-a-string" appearance. The infant is stabilized with IV prostaglandin. Which of the following conditions is most consistent with these findings?

A 3-month-old infant has a continuous "machinery-like" murmur and signs of poor feeding and respiratory distress. Which of the following would be the first-line treatment in a preterm infant?

A 7-year-old with known ASD is found to have a fixed widely split S2 and a II/VI systolic ejection murmur at the 2nd LICS. The child is asymptomatic. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the murmur?

A 14-year-old girl presents with hypertension, headaches, and cold legs with diminished pulses. BP is 148/90 mmHg in the arms and 92/62 mmHg in the legs. CXR shows rib notching and a 3-sign on the aortic silhouette. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A child with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot develops sudden cyanosis and becomes unresponsive while crying. The mother states he "turned blue fast." What is the first priority in management?

A neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is critically ill in the first few days of life. What is the essential initial medical therapy before surgical correction?

A newborn with cyanosis is found to have pulmonary veins draining into the superior vena cava, with oxygenation maintained only through a PFO. CXR shows a snowman sign. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A cyanotic infant is diagnosed with Ebstein's anomaly. Which maternal history detail would raise suspicion for this defect?

Which of the following congenital heart defects becomes inoperable if pulmonary hypertension with shunt reversal develops?

A 3-year-old child is noted to have a fixed wide split of S2 and a systolic ejection murmur at the 2nd left intercostal space. The child is otherwise asymptomatic and thriving well. Which of the following is the most likely pathophysiologic mechanism?

A 1-month-old infant is found to have a holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, a palpable thrill, and frequent respiratory infections. Which of the following physical exam findings is most consistent with the diagnosis?

A neonate is born with cyanosis immediately after birth. Echocardiography confirms transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Which of the following immediate treatments is most crucial to survival?

A child has a known Tetralogy of Fallot and presents with sudden worsening cyanosis after exercise. The child instinctively squats. Which of the following best explains the improvement in symptoms with squatting?

Which of the following radiographic findings is most classically associated with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)?

A 2-week-old infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) presents with severe cyanosis. Which of the following best explains the initial survival in these patients?

A teenager with hypertension is noted to have diminished femoral pulses, a 3/6 systolic murmur, and rib notching on chest X-ray. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which cyanotic congenital heart disease classically presents with an "egg on a string" appearance on CXR and requires arterial switch surgery in the first 1-2 weeks of life?

A neonate presents with cyanosis, clubbing, and a single S2. Imaging shows a boot-shaped heart. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is NOT a component of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A 3-week-old infant is brought in for evaluation of cyanosis. CXR reveals cardiomegaly with increased pulmonary vascular markings. Echo shows a single arterial trunk overriding a large VSD. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn has profound cyanosis shortly after birth. You suspect TGA. What finding would allow for survival until surgery?

Which of the following best explains why a "tet spell" becomes more severe when a child is agitated or in a warm bath?

A 5-year-old with known VSD is now presenting with cyanosis and digital clubbing. Echo shows elevated pulmonary artery pressures and bidirectional shunting. Which of the following diagnoses is now most appropriate?

Which of the following is a non-cyanotic heart lesion that often presents in young adults with headache, hypertension, and delayed femoral pulses?

An infant presents with severe cyanosis. Echo reveals no communication between the right atrium and right ventricle, a large PFO, and a small RV. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which cyanotic congenital heart disease is associated with a snowman sign on CXR, PFO-dependent oxygenation, and pulmonary veins draining to the SVC or IVC?

Which CHD is commonly associated with maternal lithium exposure and frequently involves ASD or VSD?

Which condition features a "boot-shaped heart" on CXR due to right ventricular hypertrophy?

Which of the following requires endocarditis prophylaxis?