Confucianism Quiz: Principles of Confucius
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Questions and Answers

What was Confucius's main concern during the Zhou Dynasty?

  • Expanding territorial boundaries
  • Establishing a new government
  • Restoring order and harmony (correct)
  • Promoting religious beliefs
  • Where was the birthplace of Confucius?

  • Hangzhou
  • Beijing
  • Xian
  • Qufu City, Shandong province (correct)
  • Which statement best reflects the concept of Dao according to Confucius?

  • Dao is strictly a religious term in Confucianism.
  • Dao is a fixed path that does not change.
  • Dao refers only to personal moral guidelines.
  • Dao represents various ways to achieve harmony. (correct)
  • What does the term 'junzi' refer to in Confucian teachings?

    <p>A person who cultivates themselves and understands the Dao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which centuries did Confucius live?

    <p>8th-5th century BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to one of Confucius's sayings, what is necessary for a person to be content?

    <p>To hear the Way in the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fundamental teachings that Confucius emphasizes for cultivating Dao?

    <p>Broadening understanding and application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a contradiction to Confucian beliefs?

    <p>The necessity of strict government control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ren-kindedness require in Confucianism?

    <p>It needs to be expressed through proper actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Laozi's view of the Dao differ from Confucius’ perspective?

    <p>Laozi argues that the Dao cannot be defined and is beyond manmade ethics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of ziran in Daoism?

    <p>It means naturalness, or the essence of being true to oneself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Laozi, what is one consequence of human desires?

    <p>They disrupt the inherent order of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Laozi imply about spoken knowledge?

    <p>Talking about knowledge diminishes its value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Daoism view manmade ethical systems?

    <p>They are considered less valuable than inherent goodness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase reflects Laozi's belief about the Dao’s nature?

    <p>The Dao embodies a mystery and is inexhaustible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'qi' refer to in Daoism?

    <p>A cosmic energy that constitutes life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy does Confucius use to describe the moral character of individuals?

    <p>Wind and grass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key critique of popular ethics in Daoism?

    <p>They claim to be the only way and often distort the Dao.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Buddha is known as the Buddha of Infinite Light and Splendor?

    <p>Buddha Amitabha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Pure Land Buddhism?

    <p>Reciting the name of Buddha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the realization of one’s Buddha Nature in Chan Buddhism?

    <p>Sudden Enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the Bodhisattva of infinite passion, known for bringing salvation?

    <p>Avalokitesvara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of enforcing rigid adherence to societal norms according to Daoist thought?

    <p>Fostering a sense of mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action characterizes the Daoist principle of 'Wuwei'?

    <p>Non-action aligned with natural flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred during the Grand Unification of Qin in 221 BC?

    <p>Unification of various states into one empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following policies was NOT implemented during the reign of King Ying Zheng of the Qin Dynasty?

    <p>Reduction of central authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the junzi ideal in Confucian thought?

    <p>Striving for ethical self-development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Qin Dynasty's policies influence Chinese identity?

    <p>By fostering a sense of shared national identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between substance and cultural refinement according to the text?

    <p>A balance of both leads to becoming a junzi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the junzi?

    <p>Someone who achieves the ideal through ethical development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary focus did the Master have in his teaching?

    <p>Culture, conduct, conscientiousness, and trustworthiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of ren refer to?

    <p>Human-heartedness and love for others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does li serve to regulate society?

    <p>By establishing cultural norms that foster harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for ren to be properly applied?

    <p>Critical self-reflection and self-discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the junzi's dedication to learning contribute to?

    <p>Realizing the Way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the profound ethical extension of li?

    <p>The procedural and attitudinal correctness in actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can li become an empty formalism?

    <p>When it is practiced with insincerity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component that complements ren?

    <p>Li.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with a junzi?

    <p>Selfishness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of li in shaping individual behavior?

    <p>It establishes habitual actions that form character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential outcome of lacking cultural refinement?

    <p>Exhibiting frivolity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamentally shifts the customs and conventions of li over time?

    <p>The ethical reasons for its practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of wuwei primarily emphasize?

    <p>Effortless and non-coercive action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea aligns with the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

    <p>Cravings and desires are the root causes of suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of following the Noble Eightfold Path?

    <p>To attain enlightenment or liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the concept of wuwei differentiated from Confucianism?

    <p>Confucianism promotes doing the right thing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Middle Way in Buddhism advocate?

    <p>A balanced approach avoiding extremes of self-indulgence and self-denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Buddha play in the Three Jewels of Buddhism?

    <p>He embodies the ultimate reality and guides spiritual practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Theravada Buddhism?

    <p>Emphasis on individual self-cultivation for enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the symbolism used by Laozi, such as water?

    <p>It embodies the concept of yielding strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the origin of Buddhism?

    <p>Buddhist monks traveled to China via the Silk Road.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism from Theravada Buddhism?

    <p>It includes the concept of Bodhisattvas aiding universal salvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the beginning of a century of national humiliation for China?

    <p>The Opium War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which territory was NOT lost by China after its conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

    <p>Mongolia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement was aimed at modernizing China following the Opium Wars?

    <p>The Self-Strengthening Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the first strategies adopted by China to modernize after recognizing the need for change?

    <p>Acquiring Western technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the violent anti-foreign campaign in China in 1900?

    <p>Boxer Rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for the defeat of the Qing Dynasty during the Opium War?

    <p>Outdated armaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideology did China adhere to, believing all land under heaven belonged to them?

    <p>Celestial Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the unequal treaties signed by the Qing Dynasty?

    <p>Recognition of Britain's world order outlook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which slogan became a rallying cry for the reformers in China during the period of humiliation?

    <p>Redemption of China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reform was NOT part of China's modernization process?

    <p>Cultural isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who promoted the violent anti-foreign campaigns during the Boxer Rebellion?

    <p>The Qing court</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Qing emperor Qianlong refuse to accept in negotiations with Britain?

    <p>Tributes in exchange for trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did British envoys approach China in attempts to establish relations?

    <p>With respect and gifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary commodity exchanged along the Silk Road that appealed to wealthy classes?

    <p>Silk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty is characterized by an open-door policy that encouraged cultural exchanges and trade?

    <p>Tang Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Belt and Road Initiative initiated by President Xi Jinping?

    <p>Creating economic alliances and strategic partnerships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a component of the Belt and Road Initiative's main objectives?

    <p>Environmental conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which dynasty did the Confucian Civil Service Examination system, known as ke ju, originate?

    <p>Sui Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the notable achievement of women during the Tang Dynasty?

    <p>Rise of women in political leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the decline of the overland Silk Road after the 13th century?

    <p>Rise in maritime trade popularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which book was NOT part of the Four Books studied for the Confucian Civil Service Examination?

    <p>The Art of War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation did Xuan Zang influence in Tang China related to Buddhism?

    <p>Buddhism was turned into a native faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Silk Road contributed to the emergence of towns and settlements?

    <p>Cultural exchange and interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Qing Dynasty's establishment by the Manchu?

    <p>A strong military empire initially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Tang cosmopolitanism?

    <p>A blend of diverse faiths and lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the educational prominence of Confucianism in the examination system?

    <p>State orthodoxy and ideology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the traffic decline on the Silk Road post-13th century?

    <p>The rise of maritime trade routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for launching the second stage of modernization in China?

    <p>China's defeat by Japan in the first Sino-Japanese War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major reform was NOT part of the Wuxu Reform initiated by the Guangxu Emperor?

    <p>Promotion of Confucian studies in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the Hundred Days Reform?

    <p>Execution of Tan Sitong and other reformers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the primary figure behind the change in academic culture during the Late Qing Reform?

    <p>Cai Yuanpei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the May Fourth Movement primarily seek to achieve?

    <p>Survival and national pride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event prompted the Qing court to declare war during the Boxer Rebellion?

    <p>The influence of anti-foreign sentiment in Hebei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary outcome of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911?

    <p>Foundation of the Republic of China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the Warlord Era following Yuan Shikai's death?

    <p>Disputes and fragmentation among military leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one effect of the Twenty-One Demands on Chinese society?

    <p>Increased foreign influence and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who tried to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi after Yuan Shikai's death?

    <p>Zhang Xun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the reforms during the Late Qing Dynasty?

    <p>They faced formidable resistance from conservative factions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary ideology that fueled the New Culture Movement established during the May Fourth Movement?

    <p>Nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the failure of the initial modernization efforts in China?

    <p>Internal divisions and conservative resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to China's economic stability despite fluctuations in export and import figures?

    <p>Large population and continental economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a reason for China's current high savings rates?

    <p>Government incentives for saving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has household consumption trends changed in China's economy over the past 60 years?

    <p>It has been on a downward trend as a share of GDP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does China face regarding its population and labor supply?

    <p>An inevitable population decline due to the single child policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas does China lead in innovation and development?

    <p>Mobile payments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invention is attributed to Chinese innovation during the early centuries?

    <p>The compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary attributes of Confucianism mentioned regarding its view on the past?

    <p>It believes the golden age for humanity was in the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following domains is China NOT recognized as a leader?

    <p>Precision engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trend of labor quality improvement in China indicate?

    <p>The economy is becoming less dependent on manual labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the rising importance of household income in China?

    <p>It may not be sufficient to drive economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the capital city chosen by Chiang after the success of the Northern Expedition?

    <p>Nanjing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principles did Dr. Sun advocate for national building?

    <p>Sovereignty of people, nationalism, and economic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Chiang establish a Five-Power system in the country?

    <p>Following the introduction of a Five-Power constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason Chiang sought peace with other nations during his rule?

    <p>To strengthen military alliances against Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the civil war between KMT and CCP?

    <p>The fleeing of Chiang to Taiwan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Mao Zedong integrate into the growth of the CCP?

    <p>Nationalism alongside internationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the October Revolution on China?

    <p>It spread Marxist-Leninist ideas among Chinese intellectuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the military strategy of the CCP during the civil war?

    <p>Rapid expansion and mobilization of forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the grievances against KMT officials from the populace?

    <p>They were seen as corrupt and poor administrators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major idea presented by Lenin regarding socialism?

    <p>Socialism can be achieved through a proletarian dictatorship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Chiang's measures for advancing China during the Golden Decade?

    <p>Advancing agriculture, industry, education, and national security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event triggered the full-scale war between China and Japan in 1937?

    <p>The Lugou Bridge incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Mao respond to the growing influence of communism post-WW2?

    <p>He emphasized the importance of socialism or imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marx believe about the democracy of capitalism?

    <p>It was merely freedom in name and form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Lenin deem the dictatorship of the proletariat unfeasible?

    <p>They were unable to overcome union consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1926?

    <p>It transformed into a Lenin-style revolutionary party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the notable achievements of China's first five-year plan?

    <p>Increase in education by 25%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the Great Leap Forward to be a failure?

    <p>It ignored the intellectual contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who had to manage the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward's chaos?

    <p>Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary theme of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?

    <p>Anti-revisionism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Deng Xiaoping shift the focus of the Chinese Communist Party towards in 1978?

    <p>Socialist modernization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did Deng face regarding his reforms?

    <p>Opposition from conservatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the contradiction evident during Deng Xiaoping's reforms?

    <p>Advancing left-wing politics while promoting capitalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Hu Yaobang's resignation?

    <p>Disappointment among the populace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant event occurred on August 16, 1966?

    <p>The commencement of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Great Leap Forward aim to achieve?

    <p>Outpace Soviet economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the primary stage of socialism as proposed by Zhao?

    <p>To gradually eradicate poverty and backwardness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Zhao, what was the major contradiction that China faced?

    <p>The growing material needs of the people and backward socialist production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event represented the culmination of student protests in Tiananmen Square?

    <p>The establishment of the Beijing University Autonomous Federation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader's visit to China attracted significant attention during the Tiananmen Square protests?

    <p>Gorbachev</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate effect did the Tiananmen Square events have on China's global standing?

    <p>Increased international sanctions and condemnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the cold war, what did Deng believe about China's political stability compared to the Soviet Union?

    <p>China would not experience the same downfall as the Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant result of Deng's southern tour in 1992?

    <p>The consolidation and deepening of economic reforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic trend has characterized China's savings rate?

    <p>It remains high at approximately 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the state of China's real GDP per capita in 2021 compared to the US?

    <p>It was less than 1/5 of the US GDP per capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic challenge is currently faced by China?

    <p>Aging population with zero growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did China reportedly account for more than 30% of the world GDP?

    <p>1820</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors did Zhao believe could only occur when capitalism was highly developed?

    <p>The full realization of Marxism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic shift has occurred from the early 1970s to 2020 regarding the U.S. and East Asia's share of the world GDP?

    <p>East Asia is projected to surpass the combined shares of the eurozone and the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome was expected by 2030 regarding China in relation to the U.S. GDP?

    <p>China would catch up to the U.S. GDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Outline and Syllabus

    • Assignments: 5 online assignments (10% of final grade)
    • Final Exam: Written exam (90% of final grade)
    • Distinction: Complete either an “In Dialogue with China” talk series or a study trip (check university website)
    • Course Content: Understanding China's intellectual foundations (Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism), history (Qin Dynasty through the Silk Road to the Tang Dynasty, Confucian Civil Service Exam, Century of Humiliation), road to modernization, Chinese economy, and science/technology (4 inventions + math + astronomy)
    • Learning Activities: Video lectures and required readings
    • Schedule: Divided into parts with specific assignment deadlines.

    Module 01: Understanding China: Intellectual Foundations

    Confucianism

    • Confucius (Kong Zi): Kong Juzi (Master Kong), born in Qufu City, Shandong province (Temple of Confucius and Confucius Museum).
    • Historical Context: 8th-5th centuries BCE, Zhou Dynasty weakening, political turmoil, warfare. Confucius sought to restore order and harmony.
    • Core Teachings:
      • Dao (Way): The best way to restore harmony and achieve the highest good. The Dao is not static and must be cultivated. Junzi (gentlemen) are devoted to growing the Dao.
      • Learning: A lifelong journey of ethical development, focusing on culture, conduct, conscientiousness, and trustworthiness. The ideal Junzi is cultivated through learning.
      • Junzi (Gentleman): Not an inherited title but an achievable ideal. An ethical superior person, embodiment of the “Way.” Indicated by dedication to learning, humility, and confidence. Emphasizes comprehensive education including Li (rituals), music, archery, charioteering, writing, and arithmetic. The equal emphasis on intellectual, cultural, and physical training is key. Refer to Six Classics (poems, history, rituals, changes, spring and autumn).
      • Ren (Humaneness): Love or care for others, helping bring out the best in others. Importance of proper action guided by Li. Expressing kindness through proper action and self-reflection. "What you yourself do not desire, do not impose on others."
      • Li (Ritual Propriety): Rules of propriety, regulating conduct, creating harmony in social interaction. Has regulative and constitutive functions. Can change over time but not be abandoned. Li serves as “glue” that binds society. Proper conduct and social harmony.
    • Relationship between Ren and Li: Ren requires Li; Li guides the action of Ren. Confucianism defines a person through relationships.

    Daoism and Laozi

    • Laozi: Senior contemporary of Confucius, author of Daodejing (The Classic of the Way and Virtue).
    • Core Teachings:
      • Dao (Way): An inherent, pristine order; a natural Way accounting for the harmony of nature and society.
      • Wuwei (Non-action): Effortless, non-coercive action aligned with the Dao. Doing less, measuring less towards calmness and clarity, aligning actions with nature. Embrace simplicity.
      • Naturalness (Ziran): Harmony with nature. Embracing simplicity and tranquility in accordance with constant principles.
    • Key Concepts: The indefinability and creative power of Dao and qi (energy). Yin and yang as cosmic forces.

    Buddhism

    • Origin: Introduced from India. The first Buddhist temple was built based on a dream Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty.
    • Core Teachings:
      • Four Noble Truths: Suffering is pervasive and unceasing in human existence; caused by cravings & desires; liberation is possible by extinguishing cravings; achieved through the Eightfold Path.
      • Eightfold Path: Ethical and spiritual development for enlightenment.
      • Middle Way: Avoiding extremes of self-indulgence and self-denial.
      • Three Jewels/Refuges: Buddha, Dharma (teachings), and Sangha (community).
    • Branches: Theravada (individual enlightenment) and Mahayana (universal salvation)
    • Meditation: Chan Buddhism emphasizing the realization of one's Buddha nature through meditation.
    • Sudden and Gradual Enlightenment: Different views on the path to enlightenment.
    • Devotion: Bodhisattvas; and deities like Buddha Amitabha and Avalokitesvara (Guanyin).

    Module 2: Historic Perspective

    • Qin Dynasty Unification (221 BCE): Shi Huangdi unified China, establishing a centralized administrative system, standardized writing, currency, and measures. This single kingdom concept was novel.
    • Silk Road: Trade routes connecting China with Central Asia, India, the Middle East. Fostered cultural exchange and political interaction, culminating in maritime trade routes and later, President Xi Jinping's "Belt and Road Initiative".
    • Tang Dynasty Cosmopolitanism: A golden age of culture, open-door policy, encouraged foreign trade, and cultural exchanges (Buddhism, Christianity). Highlighted tolerance for foreign religions and relatively high status of women. Also notable for the Confucian Civil Service Examination (ke ju).
    • Century of Humiliation (1839-1949): Opium Wars with Britain and subsequent defeats. Marked China's humiliation from internal conflicts, resulting in unequal treaties and foreign intrusion—also from Japan and European powers. China fought back via the Boxer Rebellion but failed, leading to a nationalistic spirit and revolutions.

    Module 3: China's Road to Modernization

    • Encounter with the West: Opium Wars marked the end of the "Celestial Dynasty" belief, forcing China to accept Western values and undergo modernization from outside.
    • Modernization Themes (3 Levels): Material (weapons, industry), institutional (reforms), and cultural change.
    • Westernization Movements: Attempts at reforms by the Qing, including Kang and Liang's reforms; Hundred Days Reform. These efforts emphasized incorporating Western technologies and ideas. Chinese nationalism and modernization progressed in tandem.
    • Kuomintang (KMT) and Communist Party (CCP): Competition and conflict from the Northern Expedition to the Civil War. Three Principles of the People; Chiang Kaishek, and the Golden decade (1928-1937). Challenges against KMT from the CCP. Mao's rise to power and the Great Leap Forward, leading to profound upheaval and famine.
    • Mao's Revolution and Cultural Revolution: Shift from KMT rule to communist rule. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
    • Deng Xiaoping's Reforms: "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" combining socialist principles with market-oriented economic practices; significant modernization and economic growth (Four Modernizations and Four Cardinal Principles).
    • 1980's Events: Students' protests at Tiananmen Square: major setbacks and international condemnation.

    Module 4: Chinese Economy

    • China's Role in Global Economy: Shift from a position of considerable world power in 1820 to a much lower status by approximately 1950. Current upward trend reflecting economic growth.
    • Chinese Economic Fundamentals: High savings rate (approx. 45%) despite an aging population. Economies of scale and learning-by-doing. Increasing domestic consumption but insufficient to support growth alone. Resilient despite economic fluctuations. Indigenous innovation in many areas—some key advances in the world.
    • Historical Data and Trends: Changing GDP contributions and rankings (China's rising share of the global economy).

    Additional Notes

    • Philosophical Influences: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism's influence on Chinese thought, values, practices, etc. are discussed across several modules.
    • Four Great Inventions: Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass are mentioned in the context of Chinese innovation and learning.

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    Test your knowledge about the key concepts of Confucianism and the life of Confucius during the Zhou Dynasty. This quiz covers his main concerns, teachings, and philosophical ideas on the Dao, as well as significant terms like 'junzi'. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of this influential philosophy.

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