Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was Confucius's main concern during the Zhou Dynasty?
What was Confucius's main concern during the Zhou Dynasty?
Where was the birthplace of Confucius?
Where was the birthplace of Confucius?
Which statement best reflects the concept of Dao according to Confucius?
Which statement best reflects the concept of Dao according to Confucius?
What does the term 'junzi' refer to in Confucian teachings?
What does the term 'junzi' refer to in Confucian teachings?
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In which centuries did Confucius live?
In which centuries did Confucius live?
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According to one of Confucius's sayings, what is necessary for a person to be content?
According to one of Confucius's sayings, what is necessary for a person to be content?
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What are the fundamental teachings that Confucius emphasizes for cultivating Dao?
What are the fundamental teachings that Confucius emphasizes for cultivating Dao?
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Which of the following represents a contradiction to Confucian beliefs?
Which of the following represents a contradiction to Confucian beliefs?
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What does ren-kindedness require in Confucianism?
What does ren-kindedness require in Confucianism?
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How does Laozi's view of the Dao differ from Confucius’ perspective?
How does Laozi's view of the Dao differ from Confucius’ perspective?
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What is the meaning of ziran in Daoism?
What is the meaning of ziran in Daoism?
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According to Laozi, what is one consequence of human desires?
According to Laozi, what is one consequence of human desires?
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What does Laozi imply about spoken knowledge?
What does Laozi imply about spoken knowledge?
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How does Daoism view manmade ethical systems?
How does Daoism view manmade ethical systems?
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Which phrase reflects Laozi's belief about the Dao’s nature?
Which phrase reflects Laozi's belief about the Dao’s nature?
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What does the term 'qi' refer to in Daoism?
What does the term 'qi' refer to in Daoism?
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What analogy does Confucius use to describe the moral character of individuals?
What analogy does Confucius use to describe the moral character of individuals?
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What is a key critique of popular ethics in Daoism?
What is a key critique of popular ethics in Daoism?
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Which Buddha is known as the Buddha of Infinite Light and Splendor?
Which Buddha is known as the Buddha of Infinite Light and Splendor?
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What is the main focus of Pure Land Buddhism?
What is the main focus of Pure Land Buddhism?
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Which concept refers to the realization of one’s Buddha Nature in Chan Buddhism?
Which concept refers to the realization of one’s Buddha Nature in Chan Buddhism?
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What term describes the Bodhisattva of infinite passion, known for bringing salvation?
What term describes the Bodhisattva of infinite passion, known for bringing salvation?
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What is the likely outcome of enforcing rigid adherence to societal norms according to Daoist thought?
What is the likely outcome of enforcing rigid adherence to societal norms according to Daoist thought?
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Which action characterizes the Daoist principle of 'Wuwei'?
Which action characterizes the Daoist principle of 'Wuwei'?
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What significant change occurred during the Grand Unification of Qin in 221 BC?
What significant change occurred during the Grand Unification of Qin in 221 BC?
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Which of the following policies was NOT implemented during the reign of King Ying Zheng of the Qin Dynasty?
Which of the following policies was NOT implemented during the reign of King Ying Zheng of the Qin Dynasty?
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What is a characteristic of the junzi ideal in Confucian thought?
What is a characteristic of the junzi ideal in Confucian thought?
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How did the Qin Dynasty's policies influence Chinese identity?
How did the Qin Dynasty's policies influence Chinese identity?
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What is the relationship between substance and cultural refinement according to the text?
What is the relationship between substance and cultural refinement according to the text?
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Which of the following best describes the junzi?
Which of the following best describes the junzi?
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What primary focus did the Master have in his teaching?
What primary focus did the Master have in his teaching?
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What does the concept of ren refer to?
What does the concept of ren refer to?
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How does li serve to regulate society?
How does li serve to regulate society?
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What is required for ren to be properly applied?
What is required for ren to be properly applied?
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What does the junzi's dedication to learning contribute to?
What does the junzi's dedication to learning contribute to?
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Which of the following represents the profound ethical extension of li?
Which of the following represents the profound ethical extension of li?
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How can li become an empty formalism?
How can li become an empty formalism?
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What is a key component that complements ren?
What is a key component that complements ren?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with a junzi?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with a junzi?
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What is the role of li in shaping individual behavior?
What is the role of li in shaping individual behavior?
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Which of the following is a potential outcome of lacking cultural refinement?
Which of the following is a potential outcome of lacking cultural refinement?
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What fundamentally shifts the customs and conventions of li over time?
What fundamentally shifts the customs and conventions of li over time?
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What does the concept of wuwei primarily emphasize?
What does the concept of wuwei primarily emphasize?
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Which idea aligns with the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
Which idea aligns with the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
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What is the primary goal of following the Noble Eightfold Path?
What is the primary goal of following the Noble Eightfold Path?
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How is the concept of wuwei differentiated from Confucianism?
How is the concept of wuwei differentiated from Confucianism?
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What does the Middle Way in Buddhism advocate?
What does the Middle Way in Buddhism advocate?
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What role does the Buddha play in the Three Jewels of Buddhism?
What role does the Buddha play in the Three Jewels of Buddhism?
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What is characteristic of Theravada Buddhism?
What is characteristic of Theravada Buddhism?
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What is the significance of the symbolism used by Laozi, such as water?
What is the significance of the symbolism used by Laozi, such as water?
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Which of the following statements is true about the origin of Buddhism?
Which of the following statements is true about the origin of Buddhism?
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What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism from Theravada Buddhism?
What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism from Theravada Buddhism?
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What event marked the beginning of a century of national humiliation for China?
What event marked the beginning of a century of national humiliation for China?
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Which territory was NOT lost by China after its conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Which territory was NOT lost by China after its conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
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Which movement was aimed at modernizing China following the Opium Wars?
Which movement was aimed at modernizing China following the Opium Wars?
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What was one of the first strategies adopted by China to modernize after recognizing the need for change?
What was one of the first strategies adopted by China to modernize after recognizing the need for change?
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Which term refers to the violent anti-foreign campaign in China in 1900?
Which term refers to the violent anti-foreign campaign in China in 1900?
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What was a primary reason for the defeat of the Qing Dynasty during the Opium War?
What was a primary reason for the defeat of the Qing Dynasty during the Opium War?
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What ideology did China adhere to, believing all land under heaven belonged to them?
What ideology did China adhere to, believing all land under heaven belonged to them?
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What was a consequence of the unequal treaties signed by the Qing Dynasty?
What was a consequence of the unequal treaties signed by the Qing Dynasty?
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Which slogan became a rallying cry for the reformers in China during the period of humiliation?
Which slogan became a rallying cry for the reformers in China during the period of humiliation?
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What reform was NOT part of China's modernization process?
What reform was NOT part of China's modernization process?
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Who promoted the violent anti-foreign campaigns during the Boxer Rebellion?
Who promoted the violent anti-foreign campaigns during the Boxer Rebellion?
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What did the Qing emperor Qianlong refuse to accept in negotiations with Britain?
What did the Qing emperor Qianlong refuse to accept in negotiations with Britain?
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How did British envoys approach China in attempts to establish relations?
How did British envoys approach China in attempts to establish relations?
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What was a primary commodity exchanged along the Silk Road that appealed to wealthy classes?
What was a primary commodity exchanged along the Silk Road that appealed to wealthy classes?
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Which dynasty is characterized by an open-door policy that encouraged cultural exchanges and trade?
Which dynasty is characterized by an open-door policy that encouraged cultural exchanges and trade?
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What was the main purpose of the Belt and Road Initiative initiated by President Xi Jinping?
What was the main purpose of the Belt and Road Initiative initiated by President Xi Jinping?
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Which of the following was NOT a component of the Belt and Road Initiative's main objectives?
Which of the following was NOT a component of the Belt and Road Initiative's main objectives?
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During which dynasty did the Confucian Civil Service Examination system, known as ke ju, originate?
During which dynasty did the Confucian Civil Service Examination system, known as ke ju, originate?
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What was the notable achievement of women during the Tang Dynasty?
What was the notable achievement of women during the Tang Dynasty?
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What marked the decline of the overland Silk Road after the 13th century?
What marked the decline of the overland Silk Road after the 13th century?
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Which book was NOT part of the Four Books studied for the Confucian Civil Service Examination?
Which book was NOT part of the Four Books studied for the Confucian Civil Service Examination?
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What transformation did Xuan Zang influence in Tang China related to Buddhism?
What transformation did Xuan Zang influence in Tang China related to Buddhism?
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What aspect of the Silk Road contributed to the emergence of towns and settlements?
What aspect of the Silk Road contributed to the emergence of towns and settlements?
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What was a significant consequence of the Qing Dynasty's establishment by the Manchu?
What was a significant consequence of the Qing Dynasty's establishment by the Manchu?
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Which of the following best describes Tang cosmopolitanism?
Which of the following best describes Tang cosmopolitanism?
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Which factor contributed to the educational prominence of Confucianism in the examination system?
Which factor contributed to the educational prominence of Confucianism in the examination system?
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What characterized the traffic decline on the Silk Road post-13th century?
What characterized the traffic decline on the Silk Road post-13th century?
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What was the main reason for launching the second stage of modernization in China?
What was the main reason for launching the second stage of modernization in China?
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Which major reform was NOT part of the Wuxu Reform initiated by the Guangxu Emperor?
Which major reform was NOT part of the Wuxu Reform initiated by the Guangxu Emperor?
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What was the consequence of the Hundred Days Reform?
What was the consequence of the Hundred Days Reform?
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Who was the primary figure behind the change in academic culture during the Late Qing Reform?
Who was the primary figure behind the change in academic culture during the Late Qing Reform?
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What did the May Fourth Movement primarily seek to achieve?
What did the May Fourth Movement primarily seek to achieve?
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Which event prompted the Qing court to declare war during the Boxer Rebellion?
Which event prompted the Qing court to declare war during the Boxer Rebellion?
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What was the primary outcome of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911?
What was the primary outcome of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911?
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What characterized the Warlord Era following Yuan Shikai's death?
What characterized the Warlord Era following Yuan Shikai's death?
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What was one effect of the Twenty-One Demands on Chinese society?
What was one effect of the Twenty-One Demands on Chinese society?
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Who tried to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi after Yuan Shikai's death?
Who tried to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi after Yuan Shikai's death?
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Which of the following statements best describes the reforms during the Late Qing Dynasty?
Which of the following statements best describes the reforms during the Late Qing Dynasty?
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What was the primary ideology that fueled the New Culture Movement established during the May Fourth Movement?
What was the primary ideology that fueled the New Culture Movement established during the May Fourth Movement?
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What led to the failure of the initial modernization efforts in China?
What led to the failure of the initial modernization efforts in China?
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What is a significant factor contributing to China's economic stability despite fluctuations in export and import figures?
What is a significant factor contributing to China's economic stability despite fluctuations in export and import figures?
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Which factor is NOT a reason for China's current high savings rates?
Which factor is NOT a reason for China's current high savings rates?
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How has household consumption trends changed in China's economy over the past 60 years?
How has household consumption trends changed in China's economy over the past 60 years?
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What challenge does China face regarding its population and labor supply?
What challenge does China face regarding its population and labor supply?
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Which of the following areas does China lead in innovation and development?
Which of the following areas does China lead in innovation and development?
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Which invention is attributed to Chinese innovation during the early centuries?
Which invention is attributed to Chinese innovation during the early centuries?
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What is one of the primary attributes of Confucianism mentioned regarding its view on the past?
What is one of the primary attributes of Confucianism mentioned regarding its view on the past?
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Which of the following domains is China NOT recognized as a leader?
Which of the following domains is China NOT recognized as a leader?
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What does the trend of labor quality improvement in China indicate?
What does the trend of labor quality improvement in China indicate?
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What is the implication of the rising importance of household income in China?
What is the implication of the rising importance of household income in China?
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What was the capital city chosen by Chiang after the success of the Northern Expedition?
What was the capital city chosen by Chiang after the success of the Northern Expedition?
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What principles did Dr. Sun advocate for national building?
What principles did Dr. Sun advocate for national building?
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How did Chiang establish a Five-Power system in the country?
How did Chiang establish a Five-Power system in the country?
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What was the main reason Chiang sought peace with other nations during his rule?
What was the main reason Chiang sought peace with other nations during his rule?
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What was a significant outcome of the civil war between KMT and CCP?
What was a significant outcome of the civil war between KMT and CCP?
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Which concept did Mao Zedong integrate into the growth of the CCP?
Which concept did Mao Zedong integrate into the growth of the CCP?
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What was the impact of the October Revolution on China?
What was the impact of the October Revolution on China?
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What characterized the military strategy of the CCP during the civil war?
What characterized the military strategy of the CCP during the civil war?
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What was one of the grievances against KMT officials from the populace?
What was one of the grievances against KMT officials from the populace?
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What was a major idea presented by Lenin regarding socialism?
What was a major idea presented by Lenin regarding socialism?
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What were Chiang's measures for advancing China during the Golden Decade?
What were Chiang's measures for advancing China during the Golden Decade?
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What event triggered the full-scale war between China and Japan in 1937?
What event triggered the full-scale war between China and Japan in 1937?
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In what way did Mao respond to the growing influence of communism post-WW2?
In what way did Mao respond to the growing influence of communism post-WW2?
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What did Marx believe about the democracy of capitalism?
What did Marx believe about the democracy of capitalism?
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Why did Lenin deem the dictatorship of the proletariat unfeasible?
Why did Lenin deem the dictatorship of the proletariat unfeasible?
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What significant change occurred in the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1926?
What significant change occurred in the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1926?
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What was one of the notable achievements of China's first five-year plan?
What was one of the notable achievements of China's first five-year plan?
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What caused the Great Leap Forward to be a failure?
What caused the Great Leap Forward to be a failure?
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Who had to manage the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward's chaos?
Who had to manage the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward's chaos?
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What was the primary theme of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
What was the primary theme of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
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What did Deng Xiaoping shift the focus of the Chinese Communist Party towards in 1978?
What did Deng Xiaoping shift the focus of the Chinese Communist Party towards in 1978?
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What challenge did Deng face regarding his reforms?
What challenge did Deng face regarding his reforms?
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What was the contradiction evident during Deng Xiaoping's reforms?
What was the contradiction evident during Deng Xiaoping's reforms?
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What was the result of Hu Yaobang's resignation?
What was the result of Hu Yaobang's resignation?
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Which significant event occurred on August 16, 1966?
Which significant event occurred on August 16, 1966?
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What did the Great Leap Forward aim to achieve?
What did the Great Leap Forward aim to achieve?
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What was the primary goal of the primary stage of socialism as proposed by Zhao?
What was the primary goal of the primary stage of socialism as proposed by Zhao?
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According to Zhao, what was the major contradiction that China faced?
According to Zhao, what was the major contradiction that China faced?
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What significant event represented the culmination of student protests in Tiananmen Square?
What significant event represented the culmination of student protests in Tiananmen Square?
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Which leader's visit to China attracted significant attention during the Tiananmen Square protests?
Which leader's visit to China attracted significant attention during the Tiananmen Square protests?
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What immediate effect did the Tiananmen Square events have on China's global standing?
What immediate effect did the Tiananmen Square events have on China's global standing?
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After the cold war, what did Deng believe about China's political stability compared to the Soviet Union?
After the cold war, what did Deng believe about China's political stability compared to the Soviet Union?
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What was a significant result of Deng's southern tour in 1992?
What was a significant result of Deng's southern tour in 1992?
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Which economic trend has characterized China's savings rate?
Which economic trend has characterized China's savings rate?
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What was the state of China's real GDP per capita in 2021 compared to the US?
What was the state of China's real GDP per capita in 2021 compared to the US?
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What demographic challenge is currently faced by China?
What demographic challenge is currently faced by China?
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In which year did China reportedly account for more than 30% of the world GDP?
In which year did China reportedly account for more than 30% of the world GDP?
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Which of the following factors did Zhao believe could only occur when capitalism was highly developed?
Which of the following factors did Zhao believe could only occur when capitalism was highly developed?
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What economic shift has occurred from the early 1970s to 2020 regarding the U.S. and East Asia's share of the world GDP?
What economic shift has occurred from the early 1970s to 2020 regarding the U.S. and East Asia's share of the world GDP?
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What outcome was expected by 2030 regarding China in relation to the U.S. GDP?
What outcome was expected by 2030 regarding China in relation to the U.S. GDP?
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Study Notes
Course Outline and Syllabus
- Assignments: 5 online assignments (10% of final grade)
- Final Exam: Written exam (90% of final grade)
- Distinction: Complete either an “In Dialogue with China” talk series or a study trip (check university website)
- Course Content: Understanding China's intellectual foundations (Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism), history (Qin Dynasty through the Silk Road to the Tang Dynasty, Confucian Civil Service Exam, Century of Humiliation), road to modernization, Chinese economy, and science/technology (4 inventions + math + astronomy)
- Learning Activities: Video lectures and required readings
- Schedule: Divided into parts with specific assignment deadlines.
Module 01: Understanding China: Intellectual Foundations
Confucianism
- Confucius (Kong Zi): Kong Juzi (Master Kong), born in Qufu City, Shandong province (Temple of Confucius and Confucius Museum).
- Historical Context: 8th-5th centuries BCE, Zhou Dynasty weakening, political turmoil, warfare. Confucius sought to restore order and harmony.
-
Core Teachings:
- Dao (Way): The best way to restore harmony and achieve the highest good. The Dao is not static and must be cultivated. Junzi (gentlemen) are devoted to growing the Dao.
- Learning: A lifelong journey of ethical development, focusing on culture, conduct, conscientiousness, and trustworthiness. The ideal Junzi is cultivated through learning.
- Junzi (Gentleman): Not an inherited title but an achievable ideal. An ethical superior person, embodiment of the “Way.” Indicated by dedication to learning, humility, and confidence. Emphasizes comprehensive education including Li (rituals), music, archery, charioteering, writing, and arithmetic. The equal emphasis on intellectual, cultural, and physical training is key. Refer to Six Classics (poems, history, rituals, changes, spring and autumn).
- Ren (Humaneness): Love or care for others, helping bring out the best in others. Importance of proper action guided by Li. Expressing kindness through proper action and self-reflection. "What you yourself do not desire, do not impose on others."
- Li (Ritual Propriety): Rules of propriety, regulating conduct, creating harmony in social interaction. Has regulative and constitutive functions. Can change over time but not be abandoned. Li serves as “glue” that binds society. Proper conduct and social harmony.
- Relationship between Ren and Li: Ren requires Li; Li guides the action of Ren. Confucianism defines a person through relationships.
Daoism and Laozi
- Laozi: Senior contemporary of Confucius, author of Daodejing (The Classic of the Way and Virtue).
-
Core Teachings:
- Dao (Way): An inherent, pristine order; a natural Way accounting for the harmony of nature and society.
- Wuwei (Non-action): Effortless, non-coercive action aligned with the Dao. Doing less, measuring less towards calmness and clarity, aligning actions with nature. Embrace simplicity.
- Naturalness (Ziran): Harmony with nature. Embracing simplicity and tranquility in accordance with constant principles.
- Key Concepts: The indefinability and creative power of Dao and qi (energy). Yin and yang as cosmic forces.
Buddhism
- Origin: Introduced from India. The first Buddhist temple was built based on a dream Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty.
-
Core Teachings:
- Four Noble Truths: Suffering is pervasive and unceasing in human existence; caused by cravings & desires; liberation is possible by extinguishing cravings; achieved through the Eightfold Path.
- Eightfold Path: Ethical and spiritual development for enlightenment.
- Middle Way: Avoiding extremes of self-indulgence and self-denial.
- Three Jewels/Refuges: Buddha, Dharma (teachings), and Sangha (community).
- Branches: Theravada (individual enlightenment) and Mahayana (universal salvation)
- Meditation: Chan Buddhism emphasizing the realization of one's Buddha nature through meditation.
- Sudden and Gradual Enlightenment: Different views on the path to enlightenment.
- Devotion: Bodhisattvas; and deities like Buddha Amitabha and Avalokitesvara (Guanyin).
Module 2: Historic Perspective
- Qin Dynasty Unification (221 BCE): Shi Huangdi unified China, establishing a centralized administrative system, standardized writing, currency, and measures. This single kingdom concept was novel.
- Silk Road: Trade routes connecting China with Central Asia, India, the Middle East. Fostered cultural exchange and political interaction, culminating in maritime trade routes and later, President Xi Jinping's "Belt and Road Initiative".
- Tang Dynasty Cosmopolitanism: A golden age of culture, open-door policy, encouraged foreign trade, and cultural exchanges (Buddhism, Christianity). Highlighted tolerance for foreign religions and relatively high status of women. Also notable for the Confucian Civil Service Examination (ke ju).
- Century of Humiliation (1839-1949): Opium Wars with Britain and subsequent defeats. Marked China's humiliation from internal conflicts, resulting in unequal treaties and foreign intrusion—also from Japan and European powers. China fought back via the Boxer Rebellion but failed, leading to a nationalistic spirit and revolutions.
Module 3: China's Road to Modernization
- Encounter with the West: Opium Wars marked the end of the "Celestial Dynasty" belief, forcing China to accept Western values and undergo modernization from outside.
- Modernization Themes (3 Levels): Material (weapons, industry), institutional (reforms), and cultural change.
- Westernization Movements: Attempts at reforms by the Qing, including Kang and Liang's reforms; Hundred Days Reform. These efforts emphasized incorporating Western technologies and ideas. Chinese nationalism and modernization progressed in tandem.
- Kuomintang (KMT) and Communist Party (CCP): Competition and conflict from the Northern Expedition to the Civil War. Three Principles of the People; Chiang Kaishek, and the Golden decade (1928-1937). Challenges against KMT from the CCP. Mao's rise to power and the Great Leap Forward, leading to profound upheaval and famine.
- Mao's Revolution and Cultural Revolution: Shift from KMT rule to communist rule. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
- Deng Xiaoping's Reforms: "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" combining socialist principles with market-oriented economic practices; significant modernization and economic growth (Four Modernizations and Four Cardinal Principles).
- 1980's Events: Students' protests at Tiananmen Square: major setbacks and international condemnation.
Module 4: Chinese Economy
- China's Role in Global Economy: Shift from a position of considerable world power in 1820 to a much lower status by approximately 1950. Current upward trend reflecting economic growth.
- Chinese Economic Fundamentals: High savings rate (approx. 45%) despite an aging population. Economies of scale and learning-by-doing. Increasing domestic consumption but insufficient to support growth alone. Resilient despite economic fluctuations. Indigenous innovation in many areas—some key advances in the world.
- Historical Data and Trends: Changing GDP contributions and rankings (China's rising share of the global economy).
Additional Notes
- Philosophical Influences: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism's influence on Chinese thought, values, practices, etc. are discussed across several modules.
- Four Great Inventions: Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass are mentioned in the context of Chinese innovation and learning.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the key concepts of Confucianism and the life of Confucius during the Zhou Dynasty. This quiz covers his main concerns, teachings, and philosophical ideas on the Dao, as well as significant terms like 'junzi'. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of this influential philosophy.