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Questions and Answers
In which decade did the important decisions relating to North Vietnam and the Vietnam War take place?
In which decade did the important decisions relating to North Vietnam and the Vietnam War take place?
Who was the National Security Adviser to President Nixon during the Vietnam War?
Who was the National Security Adviser to President Nixon during the Vietnam War?
Which international crisis was a significant event in the USA/USSR interstate protracted conflict?
Which international crisis was a significant event in the USA/USSR interstate protracted conflict?
Who made the strategic and important tactical decisions during Phase I (1964–1968) of the North Vietnam/USA conflict?
Who made the strategic and important tactical decisions during Phase I (1964–1968) of the North Vietnam/USA conflict?
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What was the period of the Berlin Blockade?
What was the period of the Berlin Blockade?
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Who was known as 'Vietnam's Devil's Advocate'?
Who was known as 'Vietnam's Devil's Advocate'?
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Who were the two crucial USA decision-makers on the Vietnam War during Phase II (1969–1973)?
Who were the two crucial USA decision-makers on the Vietnam War during Phase II (1969–1973)?
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What is the role of Congress in creating a state of war?
What is the role of Congress in creating a state of war?
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During which phase of the Vietnam War was George Ball the Under-Secretary of State?
During which phase of the Vietnam War was George Ball the Under-Secretary of State?
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Who was the principal USA negotiator with North (and South) Vietnam since the beginning of the Nixon presidency?
Who was the principal USA negotiator with North (and South) Vietnam since the beginning of the Nixon presidency?
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What was used by both adversaries to enhance the loyalty and commitment of their forces in the conflict?
What was used by both adversaries to enhance the loyalty and commitment of their forces in the conflict?
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What was the primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams?
What was the primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams?
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What was a common occurrence in the ranks of both North and South Vietnam?
What was a common occurrence in the ranks of both North and South Vietnam?
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What can be ranked as a distant third type of con ct-sustaining technique in terms of its impact on the evolution of the conflict?
What can be ranked as a distant third type of con ct-sustaining technique in terms of its impact on the evolution of the conflict?
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Why is it difficult to assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams?
Why is it difficult to assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams?
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Which organization was established in 1954 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia?
Which organization was established in 1954 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia?
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Who verbally expressed support to North Vietnam in 1961?
Who verbally expressed support to North Vietnam in 1961?
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What event in 1964 marked the onset of military hostilities between North Vietnam and the USA?
What event in 1964 marked the onset of military hostilities between North Vietnam and the USA?
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Which country refused to endorse the Geneva Accord in 1954?
Which country refused to endorse the Geneva Accord in 1954?
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What was the name of the war that ended in 1954 with the signing of the Geneva Accord?
What was the name of the war that ended in 1954 with the signing of the Geneva Accord?
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Verbal Hostility was used by only one of the principal adversaries in the conflict.
Verbal Hostility was used by only one of the principal adversaries in the conflict.
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Defection was more common in the ranks of North Vietnam than South Vietnam.
Defection was more common in the ranks of North Vietnam than South Vietnam.
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Acts of economic con ct-sustaining were more frequent than Verbal Hostility in the conflict.
Acts of economic con ct-sustaining were more frequent than Verbal Hostility in the conflict.
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The primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams was to demoralize the enemy's forces.
The primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams was to demoralize the enemy's forces.
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It is possible to meaningfully assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams.
It is possible to meaningfully assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams.
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The USA decision-making process is highly decentralized and distributed among various branches of government.
The USA decision-making process is highly decentralized and distributed among various branches of government.
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The Berlin Blockade was an international crisis within the USA/North Vietnam interstate protracted conflict.
The Berlin Blockade was an international crisis within the USA/North Vietnam interstate protracted conflict.
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President Johnson and his aides made most of the strategic and important tactical decisions during Phase II of the North Vietnam/USA conflict.
President Johnson and his aides made most of the strategic and important tactical decisions during Phase II of the North Vietnam/USA conflict.
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Congress has limited powers in constraining the president's authority as commander-in-chief and head of the Executive branch of Government.
Congress has limited powers in constraining the president's authority as commander-in-chief and head of the Executive branch of Government.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis was a significant event in the North Vietnam/USA conflict.
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a significant event in the North Vietnam/USA conflict.
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George Ball was the Secretary of State during the Lyndon Johnson phase.
George Ball was the Secretary of State during the Lyndon Johnson phase.
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The South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed in 1953 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia.
The South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed in 1953 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia.
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The USA Constitution grants the President absolute authority in the conduct of foreign policy.
The USA Constitution grants the President absolute authority in the conduct of foreign policy.
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The Vietnam War was a conflict between the USA and the USSR.
The Vietnam War was a conflict between the USA and the USSR.
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The United States publicly announced its intention to form a coalition against Communism in Southeast Asia in 1955.
The United States publicly announced its intention to form a coalition against Communism in Southeast Asia in 1955.
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The Geneva Accord in 1954 marked the beginning of the Vietnam War.
The Geneva Accord in 1954 marked the beginning of the Vietnam War.
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Dean Rusk was the National Security Adviser during the Lyndon Johnson phase.
Dean Rusk was the National Security Adviser during the Lyndon Johnson phase.
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The USSR, China, and the UK did not offer to negotiate an agreement to end the conflict in 1963.
The USSR, China, and the UK did not offer to negotiate an agreement to end the conflict in 1963.
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The Nixon presidency began in 1964.
The Nixon presidency began in 1964.
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The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in 1965 and marked the onset of North Vietnam-USA military hostilities.
The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in 1965 and marked the onset of North Vietnam-USA military hostilities.
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What were the roles of the four principals during the Lyndon Johnson phase (1964-1968) of the Vietnam War?
What were the roles of the four principals during the Lyndon Johnson phase (1964-1968) of the Vietnam War?
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What was George Ball's role during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations (1961-1966)?
What was George Ball's role during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations (1961-1966)?
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Who were the two crucial USA decision-makers on the Vietnam War during Phase II (1969-1973)?
Who were the two crucial USA decision-makers on the Vietnam War during Phase II (1969-1973)?
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What role does the USA Constitution grant to Congress in foreign policy?
What role does the USA Constitution grant to Congress in foreign policy?
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What was the significance of the relationship between the President and Congress in the conduct of foreign policy?
What was the significance of the relationship between the President and Congress in the conduct of foreign policy?
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What was the primary objective of using verbal hostility by both principal adversaries in the conflict?
What was the primary objective of using verbal hostility by both principal adversaries in the conflict?
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Why is it difficult to assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams?
Why is it difficult to assess the effectiveness of propaganda used by the two competing Vietnams?
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What was a common occurrence in the ranks of both North and South Vietnam?
What was a common occurrence in the ranks of both North and South Vietnam?
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How does verbal hostility rank in terms of its impact on the evolution of the conflict?
How does verbal hostility rank in terms of its impact on the evolution of the conflict?
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What was the primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams?
What was the primary goal of propaganda used by both Vietnams?
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What characteristic of the USA decision-making process is evident in the analysis of interstate protracted conflicts?
What characteristic of the USA decision-making process is evident in the analysis of interstate protracted conflicts?
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In which conflict did the authority and power to make strategic and tactical decisions reside with the president and his appointed aides?
In which conflict did the authority and power to make strategic and tactical decisions reside with the president and his appointed aides?
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What was the significance of the Berlin Blockade and the Cuban Missile Crisis in the context of the USA/USSR interstate protracted conflict?
What was the significance of the Berlin Blockade and the Cuban Missile Crisis in the context of the USA/USSR interstate protracted conflict?
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Who were the key decision-makers during Phase II of the North Vietnam/USA conflict?
Who were the key decision-makers during Phase II of the North Vietnam/USA conflict?
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What is the theoretical impact of a noncooperative or unfriendly Congress on the president's authority as commander-in-chief and head of the Executive branch of Government?
What is the theoretical impact of a noncooperative or unfriendly Congress on the president's authority as commander-in-chief and head of the Executive branch of Government?
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What was the primary focus of the USA's intentions in Southeast Asia in 1954, as publicly announced?
What was the primary focus of the USA's intentions in Southeast Asia in 1954, as publicly announced?
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Which organization was established in 1954 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia?
Which organization was established in 1954 to defend non-Communist countries in Southeast Asia?
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Who verbally expressed support to North Vietnam in 1961?
Who verbally expressed support to North Vietnam in 1961?
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What event in 1964 marked the onset of military hostilities between North Vietnam and the USA?
What event in 1964 marked the onset of military hostilities between North Vietnam and the USA?
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Which country refused to endorse the Geneva Accord in 1954?
Which country refused to endorse the Geneva Accord in 1954?
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Study Notes
Verbal Hostility in the North Vietnam/USA Conflict
- Verbal hostility was more evident than economic conflict-sustaining techniques (CST) in the North Vietnam/USA conflict.
- Both principal adversaries used verbal hostility as a supplement to violence, mainly to enhance loyalty and commitment among their forces.
- Verbal hostility was used to wean soldiers from the adversary and change the balance of local military power.
Decision-Making Process in the USA
- The USA decision process is less complex, with authority and power concentrated in the president and appointed aides.
- Key decision-makers in Phase I (1964-1968) included President Johnson, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and McGeorge Bundy.
- George Ball, Under-Secretary of State, was a notable dissenter from the 'hard line' approach during Phase I.
- In Phase II (1969-1973), President Nixon and National Security Adviser Kissinger were the key decision-makers.
USA Involvement in the Vietnam War
- The USA got involved in the Vietnam War as part of the ongoing Cold War between the 'Free World' and international Communism, led by the Soviet Union.
- In March 1954, the USA publicly announced its intention to form a coalition against Communism in Southeast Asia.
- The USA-initiated South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) committed to defend non-Communist Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos against a military attack.
International Involvement
- North Vietnam (DRV) received verbal expressions of support from the USSR and China in 1961 and thereafter.
- There were informal offers to negotiate an agreement to end the conflict, but the USA responded negatively.
- Continuous military escalation dominated the North Vietnam/USA conflict until the Tet Offensive in January 1968.
Constraints on the USA President
- The USA Constitution and political system generate institutions and constraints on the exercise of authority by the USA President in foreign policy.
- These constraints include the role of Congress, supervisory control over Departments, vetting of presidential appointments, and allocation of funds for foreign wars.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of verbal hostility, economic con ct-sustaining technique, and defection in the context of protracted conflict. Learn how propaganda is used to change loyalty and balance of military power.
