Conducting a Literature Review

A systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing data for some purpose.

Knowledge gained through systematic observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

The process of identifying and gathering information about a topic from existing sources (books, journal articles, etc.).

Sources that directly report original research findings (e.g., journal articles, dissertations, conference papers).

Sources that summarize or analyze information from primary sources (e.g., textbooks, review articles, websites).

An idea expressed as a word or symbol.

A variable that changes over time or under different conditions.

A tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.

Research that explores a topic in depth, aiming to gain a deeper understanding rather than just collecting data.

Research that describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

Research that examines the relationship between variables, aiming to explain why something happens.

Research that uses existing data collected for other purposes, rather than collecting new data.

A systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing research relevant to a specific topic.

A study that collects and analyzes data primarily in the form of numbers, using statistical methods.

A study that collects and analyzes data primarily in the form of words, images, or other non-numerical forms, aiming to understand meanings and perspectives.

A question that guides research, aimed at addressing a specific gap in knowledge.

Presenting statistical results represented by numbers.

Presenting data as narration with words.

Information previously collected for some other problem or issue.

Research concerned with knowledge and explaining through testing theories.

Research concerned with the application and development of research-based knowledge about a practice.

A formal statement that indicates a need for empirical investigation.

The most general and abstract knowledge is derived from basic research.

The last step of the problem-definition process.

Designs where quantitative data are collected first before the qualitative data.

The research process should be guided by the scientific method.

A general guide that helps us to identify a research problem.

Abstract concepts that are measured in research.

The method researchers use to gather data.

Designs where qualitative and quantitative data are collected simultaneously.