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Conceptos Básicos de Adicciones

• Conducta adictiva (OMS, 1989): Strong desire or compulsion to perform a specific behavior, even when unavailable. Impaired ability to control the behavior, discomfort and mood changes when prevented, and persistence despite negative consequences.
• Droga: Any natural or artificial substance that alters one or more bodily functions upon introduction to the body.
• Sustancia problema: A substance that triggers intervention and initial diagnosis due to its impact on the individual's life, often linked to the abuse of other substances (polytoxicomania).
• Vías de administración: Oral, inhalation, snorting, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or rectal routes.
• Intoxicación: Temporary state following ingestion/absorption of psychoactive substances, marked by altered consciousness, cognition, perception, mood changes, and physiological/psychological responses.
• Abuso: Problematic substance use pattern related to quantity or frequency.
• Craving: Intense urge to use, leading to discomfort if not fulfilled; initiating the behavior of substance search (initial relapses).
• Tolerancia: Body adapts to the effects of a substance, requiring higher doses for the same effect or decreased response to a given dose.
• Tolerancia cruzada: Tolerance develops to one substance, leading to tolerance of a related substance (e.g., heroin/morphine, alcohol/hypnotics).
• Abstinencia: Physical and psychological reactions to cessation or reduced substance use, characterized by opposite effects than the substance and significant distress.
• Dependencia: A chronic condition where substance use becomes paramount, and characterized by cravings, tolerance, withdrawal, and significant environmental conditioning.

Drogas: Tipos y Clasificación

• Drugs are categorized based on their effects on the central nervous system.
• Depresor/psycholytic drugs: Block CNS functions e.g., alcohol, tranquilizers, hypnotics.
• Stimulants/psychanalytics: Activate or stimulate CNS functions e.g., amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine.
• Perturbators/psychodislectics: Affect sensory perception e.g., hallucinogens, cannabis, Ecstasy.

Falsas dicotomías

• The idea of "hard" drugs being stronger than "soft" drugs is not clinically useful; harm or risk may vary independently of legality or of other criteria; similar damage can arise from use of substances ranging in type.
• Natural substances can lead to serious problems like mental health conditions, as can drugs made in a laboratory.
• Legal substances differ from illegal substances, but both can have significant adverse effects.

Trastornos relacionados con sustancias y otros trastornos adictivos

• Trastornos por consumo de sustancias (DSM-5): Includes 10 substance classes, with 2 or more criteria (over 12 months) for diagnosis. Criteria include intense cravings, consuming in larger quantities or longer durations than intended, continued attempts to lessen or stop use despite problems, large expenditure of time acquiring substance, neglecting duties, reducing social/professional activities, and experiencing tolerance, withdrawal symptoms.

Epidemiología y Comorbilidad

• The prevalence of substance use varies based on type (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis).
• Dual pathology refers to the presence of a mental disorder alongside a substance use disorder.

Prevención y tratamiento

• PGS: (Modelo General de Psicología de la Salud):
• Plans to develop, create, supervise, and evaluate interventions for diverse psychological problems
• Evaluate and assess diagnoses, interventions and treatment techniques (methods)
• Build strategies and plans for interventions, tailored to individual and social circumstances.
• Multidimensional model: addresses individual, substance/drug, and societal factors in addiction.
• Methods of intervention and treatment.

Aspectos Biopsicosociales

• Theoretical models: Bio-medical (chronic illness), Bio-psycho-social (biological, psychological, and societal factors interact in a complex way).
• Addiction is a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Esta prueba evalúa los conceptos fundamentales relacionados con las adicciones, incluyendo definiciones claves y diferentes vías de administración de sustancias. Aprenderás sobre la conducta adictiva, la intoxicación y el abuso de sustancias. Es ideal para comprender el impacto de las adicciones en la vida de las personas.