Computer Systems and Architecture

Questions and Answers

Match the following computer components with their primary functions:

ALU = Executes arithmetic and logical operations Control Unit = Fetches and decodes instructions Registers = Temporarily stores data during processing Busses = Provides communication pathways between components

Match the following data types with their corresponding examples:

Integer = Whole number value, e.g., 5 String = Character sequence, e.g., 'hello' Boolean = True or false value Float = Decimal number value, e.g., 3.14

Match the following programming concepts with their definitions:

Abstraction = Focusing on essential features while ignoring non-essential details Decomposition = Breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts Pattern recognition = Identifying and using recurring patterns in data Algorithm = Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

Match the following types of secondary storage with their characteristics:

Magnetic = Uses magnetic fields to store data on disks or tapes Optical = Uses light to read and write data on CDs, DVDs, or Blu-rays Solid-state = Stores data in interconnected flash memory chips HDD = Uses spinning disks and magnetic heads to store data Signup and view all the answers

Match the following flowchart shapes with their meanings:

Rectangle = Process or action Diamond = Decision or selection Parallelogram = Input or output Circle = Start or end point Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Machine Learning concepts with their descriptions:

Supervised = Training a model on labeled data to make predictions on new data. Unsupervised = Training a model on unlabeled data to discover patterns and relationships. Reinforcement = Training a model to make a sequence of decisions to maximize a reward. Semi-supervised = Training a model on a combination of labeled and unlabeled data. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electronic components with their purposes:

Resistor = To control the flow of electric current. Sensor = To convert physical parameters into electrical signals. Motor Driver = To provide power to motors and control their speed. Buzzers = To produce warning sounds or alarms. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of building a Machine Learning model with their descriptions:

Defining the problem = Identifying the problem to be solved and outlining the objectives. Preparing Data = Collecting, cleaning, and transforming data for model training. Training = Using the prepared data to teach the model to make predictions. Evaluating the Model = Assessing the model's performance on test data. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of AI with their descriptions:

Narrow AI = AI designed to perform a specific task, such as language translation or facial recognition. General AI = AI that surpasses human intelligence and can perform any intellectual task. Machine Learning = A type of Narrow AI that enables machines to learn from data. Bias in Bias out = Not a type of AI, but rather a concept related to avoiding bias in AI systems. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a Picoboard with their purposes:

GPIO pins = Used for input/output operations and connecting peripherals. CPU = The central processing unit that executes instructions. Debug pins = Used for debugging and troubleshooting the board. GND pins = Used for grounding and providing a common reference point. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Computers and Calculators

Fixed computers: designed to perform a specific task, cannot be programmed
Programmable computers: can be programmed to perform different tasks
Calculators: designed for mathematical calculations, not programmable
Computers: can perform various tasks, including calculations, and are programmable

Computer Components

Inputs: devices that provide data to the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse)
Outputs: devices that display or produce output from the computer (e.g., monitor, printer)
RAM (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for data and program instructions
ROM (Read-Only Memory): permanent storage for programs and data

Secondary Storage

Necessary for storing large amounts of data
Types: Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Solid-State Drives (SSD), Flash Drives, Optical Drives (CD, DVD, Blu-ray)

CPU Components

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs mathematical operations
Busses: pathways for data transfer between components
Clock: controls the pace of operations
Registers: small amount of memory for temporary storage
Control Unit: manages and coordinates CPU operations

Operating System

Manages Memory: allocates memory for programs
Manages Program Execution: runs programs and allocates resources
Manages Input and Output: coordinates communication between devices
Manages User Interface (GUI): provides visual interface for user interaction
Manages Communication: enables communication between devices and networks

Number Systems

Denary (Base 10): human-readable number system
Binary (Base 2): computer-readable number system
Conversion: Denary to Binary and Binary to Denary

Data Storage

Bit: smallest unit of memory
Nibble: 4-bit unit of memory
Byte: 8-bit unit of memory
Kilobyte (KB): 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB): 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB): 1024 megabytes
Terabyte (TB): 1024 gigabytes

Algorithm and Flowchart

Abstraction: breaking down complex problems into smaller parts
Decomposition: dividing problems into smaller, manageable parts
Pattern Recognition: identifying patterns in data
Algorithm: step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Flowchart: visual representation of an algorithm
Components of an Algorithm: inputs, processing, outputs
Identifying parts of an algorthm: inputs, outputs, processing
Order of steps in a program or algorithm
Selection: making choices in a program or algorithm
Repetition: using loops in a program or algorithm
Variables: storing and changing values in a program or algorithm
If-Else Statements: conditional statements in a program or algorithm

Programming Concepts

Data Types: categorizing data for efficient storage and processing
Casting Data Types: converting data types during input
Loops: While Loops and For Loops
Rules-Based Programming: program logic based on rules
Data-Driven Programming: program logic based on data

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Machine Learning: training models on data for decision-making
Narrow AI: specialized AI for specific tasks
General AI: human-like intelligence for broad tasks
Supervised Learning: model training with labeled data
Unsupervised Learning: model training with unlabeled data
Reinforcement Learning: model training through rewards
Semi-Supervised Learning: combination of supervised and unsupervised learning
Defining the problem, Preparing Data, Training, Testing, Evaluating the Model
Duplicates, missing data, invalid data
Testing for Bias, measuring accuracy and confidence
Bias in, Bias out

Electronics and Microcontrollers

Picoboard: a microcontroller development board
Components:
- GPIO pins: general-purpose input/output pins
- USB connector: connects to a computer
- CPU: central processing unit
- LED: light-emitting diode
- Debug pins: debugging interfaces
- GND pins: ground pins
- Power pins: power supply pins
Electron Flow: direction of electron movement in a circuit
Typical Voltage Levels: 3.3V, 5V, 9V, 12V
Frequencies: Hz (e.g., 50Hz, 60Hz)
Examples of microcontrollers: Arduino, Raspberry Pi
Purposes of microcontrollers: automation, robotics, IoT, embedded systems