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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of a hardwired system?
What is a characteristic of a hardwired system?
How does a software system differ from a hardwired system?
How does a software system differ from a hardwired system?
What is the main benefit of using a general-purpose configuration in computing?
What is the main benefit of using a general-purpose configuration in computing?
In a system using a control unit, what role does the control unit play?
In a system using a control unit, what role does the control unit play?
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What is one of the key elements of bus interconnection?
What is one of the key elements of bus interconnection?
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What is the purpose of the accumulator (AC) in the hypothetical machine's processor?
What is the purpose of the accumulator (AC) in the hypothetical machine's processor?
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How many opcodes can be represented in the instruction format with 4 bits allocated for the opcode?
How many opcodes can be represented in the instruction format with 4 bits allocated for the opcode?
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What is the maximum amount of memory that can be addressed in this hypothetical machine?
What is the maximum amount of memory that can be addressed in this hypothetical machine?
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What does the instruction 'STA {941}' accomplish in the execution cycle?
What does the instruction 'STA {941}' accomplish in the execution cycle?
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In the program execution example, how many instruction cycles are needed to add the contents of location 940 to location 941?
In the program execution example, how many instruction cycles are needed to add the contents of location 940 to location 941?
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What does the Central Processing Unit (CPU) consist of?
What does the Central Processing Unit (CPU) consist of?
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Which of the following describes a program in computing?
Which of the following describes a program in computing?
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What is the primary purpose of the Control Unit in a CPU?
What is the primary purpose of the Control Unit in a CPU?
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How do hardwired systems compare to general purpose hardware?
How do hardwired systems compare to general purpose hardware?
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What role does main memory play in a computer system?
What role does main memory play in a computer system?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding control signals?
Which of the following statements is true regarding control signals?
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What is the purpose of the memory controller in a computer system?
What is the purpose of the memory controller in a computer system?
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What does the Memory Address Register (MAR) do?
What does the Memory Address Register (MAR) do?
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Which register receives data read from memory?
Which register receives data read from memory?
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What is the function of the I/O buffer register (I/O BR)?
What is the function of the I/O buffer register (I/O BR)?
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During the fetch cycle, what happens to the Program Counter (PC)?
During the fetch cycle, what happens to the Program Counter (PC)?
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What are the two main steps of the instruction cycle?
What are the two main steps of the instruction cycle?
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What happens during the execute cycle of an instruction?
What happens during the execute cycle of an instruction?
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What is contained within a memory module?
What is contained within a memory module?
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What is the role of the I/O module?
What is the role of the I/O module?
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What must occur before the instruction can be executed by the processor?
What must occur before the instruction can be executed by the processor?
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Which of the following accurately describes the fetch cycle?
Which of the following accurately describes the fetch cycle?
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Study Notes
Computer Organization and Architecture - Chapter 3
-
Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection:
- Computer components are discussed, along with their functions and interconnection structures. This involves bus interconnection, PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) buses, and multiple-bus hierarchies.
- Key components of the computer function are involved in instruction fetch and execute, interrupts, and input/output (I/O) functionalities.
Program Concept: Hardwired Systems
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Hardwired Systems:
- Hardwired systems use a fixed configuration of logic components to perform specific computations. These circuits are customized and inflexible.
- Data is input, processed according to the hardwired logic, and results are produced. This approach is less flexible than software-based systems.
Program Concept: Software Systems
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Software Systems:
- Software systems use general-purpose hardware that can be reconfigured for various tasks simply by changing the control signals.
- Instead of rewiring, a new set of commands (the "program") is supplied.
- This approach allows more flexibility in tasks.
Program Concept: System Components
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Central Processing Unit (CPU):
- The CPU contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
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Input/Output (I/O) Modules:
- These modules are needed to facilitate the transfer of data and instructions between the CPU and the outside world.
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Main memory:
- Main memory (RAM) stores both instructions and data needed for computations.
Components and Buses
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Memory Organization:
- Memory locations are sequentially numbered, in binary, to be readily accessed. This allows an instruction or data to be located using its address.
- Buses are crucial connections that transfer data between the CPU and memory or I/O modules. These include data buses, address buses, and control buses.
Instruction Cycle
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Instruction Cycle Stages:
- Fetch: Fetching the next instruction from memory. The program counter (PC) keeps track of where the next instruction is.
- Execute: Executing the fetched instruction. This might involve memory access, I/O operations, or arithmetic/logic operations.
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Fetch Cycle Details:
- The PC holds the address of the next instruction to fetch.
- The processor fetches the instruction from memory.
- The PC is incremented after each instruction fetch. The IR (Instruction Register) holds the instruction.
- The processor interprets and performs the actions.
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Execute Cycle Details:
- Includes data transfer between CPU and memory or I/O, data processing, altering the execution sequence (e.g., jumps), or even multiple combinations of these tasks.
Program Execution Examples
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Details on Hypothetical Machine:
- Specific (example) instruction formats and operation codes are detailed as applied to accumulator (AC) based systems.
- The example illustrates how instructions are read from memory and executed. The registers and memory maps are presented.
Instruction Cycle State Diagram
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States: Steps in the instruction cycle can be described as:
- Instruction address calculation (IAC)
- Instruction fetch
- Instruction operation decoding
- Operand address calculation
- Operand fetch
- Data operation
- Operand store. Multiple operands and return data can be involved at different stages.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 3 of Computer Organization and Architecture. It discusses the top-level view of computer functions, interconnection structures, and contrasts hardwired and software systems. Test your understanding of bus interconnections, instruction fetch, and the roles of different computer components.
