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Questions and Answers
What is a significant challenge faced by law enforcement agencies regarding cybercrime?
What is a significant challenge faced by law enforcement agencies regarding cybercrime?
Which of the following crimes is explicitly defined under Title 18 related to cybercrime?
Which of the following crimes is explicitly defined under Title 18 related to cybercrime?
What does the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily focus on?
What does the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily focus on?
Which statutory framework addresses credit card fraud and software piracy?
Which statutory framework addresses credit card fraud and software piracy?
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Which of these challenges is NOT typically faced by law enforcement in prosecuting cybercrime?
Which of these challenges is NOT typically faced by law enforcement in prosecuting cybercrime?
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What was a significant limitation of the original Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986?
What was a significant limitation of the original Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986?
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Which of the following was NOT a focus of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
Which of the following was NOT a focus of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
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What type of intrusions did the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 specifically target?
What type of intrusions did the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 specifically target?
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What does the term 'trafficking in passwords' relate to in the context of computer-specific statutes?
What does the term 'trafficking in passwords' relate to in the context of computer-specific statutes?
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Which of the following activities is covered under the expanded provisions of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
Which of the following activities is covered under the expanded provisions of the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996?
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What does the PROTECT Act mandate for repeat child sex offenders?
What does the PROTECT Act mandate for repeat child sex offenders?
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Which of the following is a requirement under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998?
Which of the following is a requirement under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998?
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What must financial institutions do according to the Financial Modernization Act of 1999?
What must financial institutions do according to the Financial Modernization Act of 1999?
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Which of the following is NOT considered identifying information under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act?
Which of the following is NOT considered identifying information under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act?
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What type of checks does the PROTECT Act require for volunteer organizations?
What type of checks does the PROTECT Act require for volunteer organizations?
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To commit identity theft under ITADA, which of the following actions is prohibited?
To commit identity theft under ITADA, which of the following actions is prohibited?
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Which of the following is included in the definition of identifying information under ITADA?
Which of the following is included in the definition of identifying information under ITADA?
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Which statute requires electronic eavesdropping in cases related to abuse or kidnapping?
Which statute requires electronic eavesdropping in cases related to abuse or kidnapping?
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What is NOT a requirement of the Financial Privacy Rule enacted by the Financial Modernization Act?
What is NOT a requirement of the Financial Privacy Rule enacted by the Financial Modernization Act?
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Which of the following is a consequence for repeat child sex offenders under the PROTECT Act?
Which of the following is a consequence for repeat child sex offenders under the PROTECT Act?
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The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily aims to prevent access to computers without authorization.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 primarily aims to prevent access to computers without authorization.
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Title 18 of federal law includes provisions for child seduction and exploitation under cybercrime.
Title 18 of federal law includes provisions for child seduction and exploitation under cybercrime.
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Glacially slow legislative action has been a challenge for law enforcement regarding cybercrime.
Glacially slow legislative action has been a challenge for law enforcement regarding cybercrime.
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The Hobbs Act exclusively covers cybercrime offenses such as hacking and internet fraud.
The Hobbs Act exclusively covers cybercrime offenses such as hacking and internet fraud.
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Credit card fraud is included under Title 17 of the federal criminal law related to cybercrime.
Credit card fraud is included under Title 17 of the federal criminal law related to cybercrime.
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The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 was tailored to apply to intentional intrusions only.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 was tailored to apply to intentional intrusions only.
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The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 applies to all computers regardless of their involvement in commerce.
The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 applies to all computers regardless of their involvement in commerce.
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The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 has led to numerous successful prosecutions since its inception.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 has led to numerous successful prosecutions since its inception.
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The expansion of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act also focused on unintentional damages caused by hacking.
The expansion of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act also focused on unintentional damages caused by hacking.
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The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 focused solely on unauthorized access to financial institutions.
The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 focused solely on unauthorized access to financial institutions.
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The PROTECT Act mandates a mandatory life penalty for first-time child sex offenders.
The PROTECT Act mandates a mandatory life penalty for first-time child sex offenders.
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According to the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act, it is illegal to knowingly use another person's identifying information for lawful purposes.
According to the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act, it is illegal to knowingly use another person's identifying information for lawful purposes.
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The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 requires financial institutions to provide privacy practices disclosures.
The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 requires financial institutions to provide privacy practices disclosures.
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Electronic eavesdropping is permitted under the PROTECT Act for any case related to child welfare.
Electronic eavesdropping is permitted under the PROTECT Act for any case related to child welfare.
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The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act allows individuals to possess another person's identifying information for any purpose.
The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act allows individuals to possess another person's identifying information for any purpose.
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A Social Security number is considered identifying information under ITADA.
A Social Security number is considered identifying information under ITADA.
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The Financial Privacy Rule allows customers to completely opt-out of all disclosures made by financial institutions.
The Financial Privacy Rule allows customers to completely opt-out of all disclosures made by financial institutions.
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The PROTECT Act includes provisions for criminal background checks for volunteer organizations.
The PROTECT Act includes provisions for criminal background checks for volunteer organizations.
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The Identification Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was enacted in 2001.
The Identification Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was enacted in 2001.
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The Financial Modernization Act was passed in 1999 to enhance the privacy of consumer financial information.
The Financial Modernization Act was passed in 1999 to enhance the privacy of consumer financial information.
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Study Notes
Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime
- Law enforcement faces challenges like smaller agencies lacking resources, leading to dependence on state and federal agencies, resulting in overload.
- Traditional apathy towards non-violent crime and slow legislative action also pose obstacles.
Traditional Statutes
- Cybercrime laws primarily exist under Title 18, encompassing offenses like fraud, embezzlement, terrorism/espionage, child exploitation, stalking, kidnapping (Hobbs Act), forgery, extortion, RICO, access device fraud, and illegal wiretapping.
- Additional federal statutes dealing with cybercrime include Title 15 (credit card fraud and software piracy) and Title 17 (copyright infringement).
The Evolution of Computer-Specific Statutes
- The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) initially focused narrowly on unauthorized computer access, but proved ineffective due to vagueness and overemphasis on financial and government computer access.
- Subsequent amendments broadened the CFAA to cover computers used in commerce and communication as well as all financial records.
- Intentional intrusions are now the focus, rather than accidental ones.
- The National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996 (NIIPA) addressed loopholes in the CFAA. This focused on accidental intrusions, offenses committed via computer, cases where computer data isn't targeted, and all computers connected to the Internet, not just those used for commerce.
- Cybercrime laws expanded to include transmitting classified government information, obtaining information from financial institutions and government entities, affecting government computer use and prior activities, hacking, malicious programming, unintentional damages, trafficking in passwords, extortion.
Evolving Child Pornography Statutes
- The PROTECT Act introduced measures to combat child sexual exploitation, including mandatory life sentences for repeat offenders, background checks for volunteer organizations, and electronic surveillance for cases of child abuse or kidnapping.
Identity Theft and Financial Privacy Statutes
- The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (ITADA) of 1998 criminalized possessing another person's identifying data (public or non-public) and knowingly transferring or using such information without lawful authority to commit or aid a violation of federal or state/local law.
- Identifying information includes name, social security number, date of birth, official state/government issued documents.
- The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 introduced the Financial Privacy Rule, requiring financial institutions to disclose their privacy practices and offer opt-out choices for some personal data.
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA)
- Provisions of the FACTA encompass free credit reports, fraud and active-duty alerts, credit/debit account number truncation (to curb dumpster diving), truncation of Social Security numbers, one-call alerts for fraud, and streamlined victim resolution processes.
Further Efforts to Protect Personal Information
- The Driver's Privacy Protection Act restricts the use of social security numbers and other personal data from motor vehicle records, except when specifically allowed.
- The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act limits health care organizations' disclosure of social security numbers and health information.
Federally Funded Initiatives and Collaborations
- President's Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet brings together businesses, government and advocacy groups. Focus areas include verifying the sufficiency of existing federal laws and creating, if needed new technologies and "empowerment tools".
Law Enforcement Operations and Tools in the United States
- Packet sniffers and keyloggers (e.g. Carnivore) reconstruct online activity (packets of data).
- Data mining in law enforcement applies statistical models, algorithms, and AI to analyze large data sets. This involves measures such as associating connected events, sequencing path analysis of events, clustering groups of new/previously unknown facts, and forecasting future activity.
Conclusions
- Recognition of the extent of cybercrime has grown dramatically, but challenges remain in enacting specific legislation, international cooperation, and sovereignty issues.
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Description
Explore the evolving landscape of computer forensics and cyber crime laws. This quiz covers challenges faced by law enforcement, key traditional statutes, and the evolution of computer-specific statutes like the CFAA. Test your knowledge on how these elements interplay in addressing cybercrime.
