Computer Architecture: RISC vs CISC

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of RISC architectures?

Complex assembly code requiring manual optimization

High code density

Numerous instruction addressing modes

Effective compiler optimization (correct)

In socket programming with TCP, what must a client do to successfully contact a server?

Wait for the server to automatically establish a connection

Create a UDP socket to initiate contact

Use the correct IP address and port number of the server process (correct)

Specify an arbitrary port number of the server process

When referring to a socket in communication, which analogy accurately describes its function?

It serves as a bridge for connecting multiple communication links.

It operates as a gatekeeper for network security protocols.

It acts as a door through which messages are sent and received. (correct)

It functions as a mailbox for sending various messages.

What is the primary goal of routing protocols in networking?

To determine optimal paths through a network of routers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding CISC architectures?

They often have numerous addressing modes and instructions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Master In Slave Out (MISO) line in the SPI protocol?

To send data from slave to master Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about I2C is correct?

I2C can have multiple masters. Signup and view all the answers

In a hard real-time system, what is the consequence of violating timing constraints?

Failure of the system occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true regarding TCP compared to UDP?

TCP is connection-oriented while UDP is connectionless. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of SPI over I2C?

SPI supports full-duplex communication. Signup and view all the answers

In which architecture do both data and instructions share the same memory?

Von Neumann architecture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an application of soft real-time systems?

GPS map Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable disadvantage of I2C compared to SPI?

Higher power consumption than SPI Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a watchdog timer?

To detect and recover from system malfunctions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the priority of interrupts?

Higher-numbered interrupt lines can be prioritized by reconnection Signup and view all the answers

In an I2C communication setup, what role does the master play?

It generates the bus clock and sends signals Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a counter from a timer?

A timer updates continuously over time Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes multi-master I2C systems?

Multiple masters can communicate simultaneously but require arbitration Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a non-maskable interrupt (NMI)?

It is the highest priority and cannot be masked Signup and view all the answers

In SPI communication, what does MOSI stand for?

Master Out Slave In Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an interrupt in a timer or counter system?

Exceeding a predefined time limit or rollover Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a router and a switch in terms of the layer they operate on?

Routers are network-layer devices, while switches are link-layer devices. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a base station play in a wireless network?

It serves as a relay between wired networks and wireless hosts. Signup and view all the answers

In passive scanning, what is the first step initiated by Access Points (APs)?

Beacon frames sent from Access Points. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism ensures that the highest priority interrupt is processed first by the CPU?

Priorities. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a handoff in a wireless infrastructure mode?

A mobile host connects to a new base station. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes ad hoc mode in wireless networks?

Nodes can only communicate if within direct link coverage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the way routers compute their forwarding tables?

They compute tables based on routing algorithms using IP addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a multiple access protocol in wireless networks?

To coordinate link access among multiple devices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of non-persistent HTTP compared to persistent HTTP?

Needs multiple TCP connections for multiple objects Signup and view all the answers

In non-persistent HTTP, what is the formula used to calculate response time?

2RTT + file transmission time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the transport layer?

Enhances network layer services Signup and view all the answers

What does TDMA stand for in the context of MAC protocols?

Time Division Multiple Access Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Slotted ALOHA?

Time is divided into equal slots for transmitting frames Signup and view all the answers

Which MAC protocol allows nodes to recover from collisions?

Random access Signup and view all the answers

In persistent HTTP, how is response time affected as compared to non-persistent HTTP?

It is reduced to one RTT for all referenced objects Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'channel partitioning' in MAC protocols refer to?

Dividing the channel into smaller exclusive pieces for nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an assumption of Slotted ALOHA?

Time is not divided into slots Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a MAC protocol classified under 'taking turns'?

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes multiplexing at the sender in a data communication context?

It includes adding transport headers for demultiplexing. Signup and view all the answers

Which I/O method allows for multiple inputs and outputs simultaneously?

Parallel I/O Signup and view all the answers

In synchronous communication, what is the role of the Master device?

It generates the clock signal for data transmission. Signup and view all the answers

In which mode can the sender transmit and receive data simultaneously?

Full-duplex Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for asynchronous communication to function properly?

A data recovery mechanism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reduces the overhead in data transmission methods?

Serial I/O with fewer wires. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a transport header in data communication?

To facilitate accurate demultiplexing. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes half-duplex mode from full-duplex mode?

Half-duplex transmits data alternately, not at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

RISC vs CISC

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
- Used in early computer architectures
- Many addressing modes and instructions
- High code density
- Often requires manual optimization for embedded systems
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
- Compact, uniform instructions facilitate pipelining
- More lines of code may have a poor memory footprint
- Allows effective compiler optimizations

Sockets

Process sends/receives messages to/from its socket
Socket analogous to a door
Sending process shoves message out the door
Sending process relies on the transport infrastructure on the other side of the door to deliver the message to the receiving process's socket

Socket Programming (Example)

Server:
- Creates a socket, specifies port (e.g., x)
- Binds socket to local port number
- Enters an infinite loop:
  - Reads data from a socket
  - Converts input to upper-case
  - Sends upper-cased data back to client
Client:
- Creates a socket
- Connects to the server's hostid (IP address) and port (x)
- Sends a message
- Reads and prints the server's response

Python UDPClient/Server

Client:
- Imports socket library
- Creates a UDP socket
- Sends a message to the server
- Receives and prints the modified message from the server
- Closes the socket
Server:
- Imports socket library
- Creates a UDP socket and binds it to a port number
- Enters an infinite loop to receive messages and send back upper-cased responses.

Routing Protocol Goal

Determine the "good" path from sending hosts to receiving hosts
Path: Sequence of routers the packets will traverse
Good: fastest, least congested, least cost
Routing is a top-10 networking challenge

HTTP Connections

Non-persistent HTTP:
- At most one object sent over a TCP connection
- Connection is closed
- Downloading multiple objects requires multiple connections
Persistent HTTP:
- Multiple objects can be sent over a single TCP connection

Non-persistent HTTP (cont.)

Steps for a user entering a URL with multiple objects
- Client initiates a TCP connection to the server
- Sends an HTTP request message
- Server sends response message, including requested object
- Client receives the response and displays it
- Server closes the TCP connection
- Steps repeated for each object requested

Persistent HTTP

Server leaves connection open after sending response
Client sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced object
Response time reduced compared to non-persistent HTTP

Transport vs Network Layer

Network Layer: Logical communication between hosts
Transport Layer: Logical communication between processes
- Relies on, and enhances network layer services

MAC Protocols

Channel partitioning: Splits the channel into smaller pieces (time slots, frequencies, or codes)
Random access: Divides channel, allows collisions, handles collisions, with recover mechanisms like "taking turns."
TDMA: Time division multiple access, divides channel into rounds, and each station gets a fixed time slot.
FDMA: Frequency division multiple access, splits channel spectrum into frequency bands.

Switches vs Routers

Both store-and-forward
Routers: Network-layer devices, examine network layer headers.
Switches: Link-layer devices, examine link-layer headers.
- Both have forwarding tables.

HTTP Time

RTT: Time for a small packet to travel from client to server and back
Non-persistent HTTP: 2RTT + File transmission time
Persistent HTTP: As little as one RTT for all referenced objects

Interrupts

Interrupt handling mechanisms
Priorities determine which interrupt is handled first
Vectors establish handlers for specific interrupts types.

Timers and Counters

Increment periodically by either a periodic signal (timer) or an asynchronous signal (counter)
A timeout or rollover causes interrupts

Watchdog Timer

I/O device that detects system malfunctions
Periodically reset by the system timer
Timeout generates an interrupt to reset the host if not reset

Inter-integrated Circuit (I2C)

Two-wire interface with simple master/slave relationships
Software addressable devices
Master device generates bus clock
Slaves listen for bus and wait for addressing by master
Arbitration decides which master to use the wire, if multiple masters are connected
I2C terminology: master, slave, multi-master, arbitration

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

Serial Protocol
Communication over short distance
Master device generates clock signal (SCLK), MOSI (master output), MISO (master input), slave select(SS).

Real-time

Hard deadlines: must be met for system integrity.
Missing a deadline results in degraded system performance.

TCP vs UDP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) reliable connection-based protocol. Sends data in a sequence, ensures integrity, and can manage congestion.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) unreliable connectionless protocol. Sends data as best effort, faster but lacks guaranteed delivery or integrity.

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Multiplexing combines data from multiple sources onto a single channel.
Demultiplexing separates data for different destinations from a single channel.

Parallel I/O vs Serial I/O

Parallel I/O transfers data simultaneously using multiple lines in parallel. (Data bus, Address bus)
Serial I/O transfers bits sequentially using a single line.

Synchronous vs Asynchronous Communication

Synchronous: Requires a common clock signal between transmitter and receiver for synchronized data transfers. Timing is crucial for reliable operation.
Asynchronous: Does not require a common clock. It uses start/stop bits or other signaling mechanism to provide timing information for communication. Less overhead, but more complex to implement.

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Description

This quiz explores the key differences between RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architectures. It also covers the basics of socket programming, including how processes communicate through sockets. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in computer science.