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Questions and Answers
What is the average time to complete one task in a balanced pipeline system with three equal-length stages of 40 minutes each?
What is the average time to complete one task in a balanced pipeline system with three equal-length stages of 40 minutes each?
What does pipelining allow in terms of instruction execution?
What does pipelining allow in terms of instruction execution?
Which of the following statements best describes the performance properties of a balanced pipeline?
Which of the following statements best describes the performance properties of a balanced pipeline?
In the laundry example, how much time does an unpipelined process take for three tasks if each stage takes 40 minutes?
In the laundry example, how much time does an unpipelined process take for three tasks if each stage takes 40 minutes?
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What is a significant advantage of using a balanced pipeline over an unpipelined process?
What is a significant advantage of using a balanced pipeline over an unpipelined process?
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What is the primary purpose of parallel processing?
What is the primary purpose of parallel processing?
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Which of the following is NOT a characterization of parallel processing?
Which of the following is NOT a characterization of parallel processing?
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Which parallel processing architecture allows multiple instructions to operate on multiple data items simultaneously?
Which parallel processing architecture allows multiple instructions to operate on multiple data items simultaneously?
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What distinguishes SISD from other parallel processing architectures?
What distinguishes SISD from other parallel processing architectures?
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Which statement about parallel processing hardware costs is accurate?
Which statement about parallel processing hardware costs is accurate?
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What is one advantage of multiple functional units in parallel processing?
What is one advantage of multiple functional units in parallel processing?
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In parallel processing, which classification uses the term 'data stream'?
In parallel processing, which classification uses the term 'data stream'?
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Michael J. Flynn's classification includes which of the following architectures?
Michael J. Flynn's classification includes which of the following architectures?
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Which of the following describes the use of MISD architecture?
Which of the following describes the use of MISD architecture?
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What is a major disadvantage of MIMD architecture?
What is a major disadvantage of MIMD architecture?
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In the laundry example, how long does the sequential approach take?
In the laundry example, how long does the sequential approach take?
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Which statement correctly characterizes the operation of MIMD systems?
Which statement correctly characterizes the operation of MIMD systems?
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Why is pipelining beneficial in processes like laundry in the given example?
Why is pipelining beneficial in processes like laundry in the given example?
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Which modern devices typically employ MIMD architecture?
Which modern devices typically employ MIMD architecture?
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What does the 'instruction pool' refer to in the MIMD architecture?
What does the 'instruction pool' refer to in the MIMD architecture?
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What is an advantage of using MISD systems despite their limited applications?
What is an advantage of using MISD systems despite their limited applications?
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What is a key advantage of SISD architecture?
What is a key advantage of SISD architecture?
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Which type of processing organization involves multiple processing units under a common control unit?
Which type of processing organization involves multiple processing units under a common control unit?
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What is one of the primary disadvantages of using SIMD?
What is one of the primary disadvantages of using SIMD?
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What type of system is associated with MISD architecture?
What type of system is associated with MISD architecture?
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Which of the following best describes a characteristic of SISD?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of SISD?
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Where are SIMD architectures commonly used?
Where are SIMD architectures commonly used?
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What is a limitation of SISD in processing speed?
What is a limitation of SISD in processing speed?
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Why is MISD rarely implemented in practical systems?
Why is MISD rarely implemented in practical systems?
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What is the main advantage of pipelined laundry compared to sequential laundry?
What is the main advantage of pipelined laundry compared to sequential laundry?
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In the context of pipelined laundry, what role does the slowest stage play?
In the context of pipelined laundry, what role does the slowest stage play?
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What is the total time taken by the individual task 'A' in pipelined laundry?
What is the total time taken by the individual task 'A' in pipelined laundry?
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Which task stage must be completed before the drying stage can begin?
Which task stage must be completed before the drying stage can begin?
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How does parallel execution of tasks affect the overall execution time in pipelined laundry?
How does parallel execution of tasks affect the overall execution time in pipelined laundry?
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What is the total duration of pipelined laundry as stated in the observations?
What is the total duration of pipelined laundry as stated in the observations?
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What effect does pipelining have on the average task execution time compared to individual task times?
What effect does pipelining have on the average task execution time compared to individual task times?
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Why is there no speed-up for an individual task in pipelined laundry?
Why is there no speed-up for an individual task in pipelined laundry?
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How many clock cycles does it take to complete the first task T1 in a k-segment pipeline?
How many clock cycles does it take to complete the first task T1 in a k-segment pipeline?
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What is the formula to calculate the total time required to complete n tasks using a k-segment pipeline?
What is the formula to calculate the total time required to complete n tasks using a k-segment pipeline?
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What happens once the pipeline is full regarding task output?
What happens once the pipeline is full regarding task output?
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How does the speedup of pipeline processing compare to non-pipeline processing when n is much larger than k-1?
How does the speedup of pipeline processing compare to non-pipeline processing when n is much larger than k-1?
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In a scenario where time to process a task is the same in both pipeline and non-pipeline circuits, what is the relationship between tn and tp?
In a scenario where time to process a task is the same in both pipeline and non-pipeline circuits, what is the relationship between tn and tp?
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How long does it take to complete all operations with four segments and six tasks?
How long does it take to complete all operations with four segments and six tasks?
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What defines the speedup of a pipeline processing over an equivalent non-pipeline processing?
What defines the speedup of a pipeline processing over an equivalent non-pipeline processing?
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After the first clock cycle, what happens to segment 1 and segment 2?
After the first clock cycle, what happens to segment 1 and segment 2?
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Study Notes
Parallel Processing
- Parallel processing is the execution of concurrent events in the computer to achieve faster computational speed.
- The goal is to speed up processing and increase throughput (the amount of processing done in a given time).
- Hardware increases with parallel processing, resulting in higher costs.
- Technological advancements have reduced hardware costs, making parallel processing more feasible.
Parallel Processing Levels of Complexity
- Lower Level: Serial shift register vs. parallel load registers.
- Higher Level: Multiple functional units that perform identical or different operations simultaneously.
Parallel Processing Classification
- Parallel processing can be classified by processor organization, interconnection structure between processors, or information flow through the system.
- M. J. Flynn's classification considers the number of instructions and data items manipulated at once.
Parallel Processing Classification: Flynn's Taxonomy
-
SISD (Single Instruction, Single Data):
- A single processor handles one instruction at a time on a single data item.
- Achieved by multiple functional units or pipeline processing.
- Single-processor systems are SISD.
- Advantages: cheap, low power consumption.
- Disadvantages: limited speed due to being a single core.
- Uses: microcontrollers, older mainframes.
-
SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data):
- Many processing units execute the same instruction on different data items.
- Data and instructions are processed concurrently.
- Advantages: very efficient for large data sets where the same instruction is used repeatedly.
- Disadvantages: limited to specific applications.
- Uses: GPUs, scientific processing.
-
MISD (Multiple Instruction, Single Data):
- Theoretical concept; no practical construction exists.
- Multiple processors execute different instructions on the same data.
- Advantages: Useful where real-time fault detection is crucial.
- Disadvantages: very limited application commercially.
- Uses: Space shuttle flight control systems.
-
MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data):
- Multiple processors execute various instructions on various data items concurrently.
- Advantages: great for multitasking.
- Disadvantages: complex architecture, high cost.
- Uses: most modern PCs, laptops, and smart phones.
What's Pipelining
- Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are executed concurrently by overlapping operations.
Laundry Example
- Four students (Ann, Brian, Cathy, Dave) have laundry to wash, dry, and fold.
- Washer: 30 mins, Dryer: 40 mins, Folder: 20 mins.
Sequential Laundry
- Laundry tasks are done sequentially.
- 6 hours total.
Pipelined Laundry
- Laundry tasks are done concurrently.
- 3.5 hours total.
- Task has multiple stages (wash, dry, fold).
- Stage dependency exists (wash before dry, dry before fold).
- Multi tasks and overlapping stages are possible.
- Parallel use of resources accelerates execution.
- Slowest task determines total time.
Pipelining
- Pipelining is a technique where instructions are overlapped in execution (start next before finishing the previous).
- Example: start drying while washing.
- Significance: enhances CPU speed.
Balanced Pipeline
- Ideal pipeline where all pipe stages have the same duration.
- Laundry example (wash, dry, fold all taking 40 minutes). Unpipelined takes 120 minutes, pipelined takes 40 minutes.
- Each task is completed in 40 minutes.
- First task takes 40 minutes (T1).
- Second task follows 40 minutes (T2), taking advantage of the overlap.
Pipelining Terminology
- Latency: Time for an instruction to complete.
- Throughput: Number of instructions completed per second.
- Clock cycle: CPU synchronization.
- Processor cycle: Time between instruction steps.
- CPI: Clock cycles per instruction.
General Considerations
- Any operation decomposable into suboperations with similar complexity can be pipelined.
- Four-segment pipeline structure, operands pass through segments in a fixed sequence (wash, dry, fold).
- Segments are separated by registers to hold temporary results.
- Information flows between adjacent stages, controlled by a common clock.
- Pipeline efficiency depends on task duration balance and avoiding bottlenecks (all segments taking equal time).
- Speedup in a balanced pipeline is equal to the number of segments.
Example
- Calculation using segment time and task count, demonstrates total time reduction with pipelining vs non-pipelining.
- Speedup is compared in both scenarios.
General Considerations
- Pipeline segments may not take equal time, resulting in reduced throughput.
- Clock cycle must accommodate slower operations to avoid delays.
- Non-pipelined circuits may have varying delays.
- Arithmetic and instruction pipelines are two areas where pipeline design is effective.
References
- Given for further research.
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Test your understanding of pipelining in computer architecture with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as average task completion times, performance properties, and advantages over unpipelined processes. Perfect for students studying computer science or related fields.
