Computer Architecture: Pipelining Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Pipelining is the process of arrangement of hardware elements of the ______ such that its overall performance is increased.

CPU

In pipelining, multiple instructions are overlapped in execution.

True (A)

Non-pipelined processors allow for simultaneous execution of multiple instructions.

False (B)

What is the primary challenge with pipelining in terms of performance?

<p>Hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CPI stand for in the context of pipelining?

<p>Clock cycles per instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideal CPI in pipelining is 1, meaning one instruction is completed per clock cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula to calculate the number of instructions 'n' in a pipelined process, given 'k' stages and 'm' instructions?

<p>n = k + (m - 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula to calculate the speedup in a pipelined process?

<p>Speedup = NP / P</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula to calculate the efficiency or utilization in a pipelined process?

<p>Efficiency = (NP / (P + I))/(N / I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of hazards that can occur in pipelining?

<p>Control Hazards (A), Data Hazards (C), Structural Hazards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core problem associated with hazards in pipelining?

<p>They prevent the ideal CPI of 1 from being achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data hazards occur when two or more instructions attempt to access the same resource at the same time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core issue behind data hazards, specifically RAW (Read After Write) hazards?

<p>A situation arises when an instruction attempts to read a value before the preceding instruction has finished writing to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural hazards occur due to limited resources, including the CPU, memory, and registers, being accessed by multiple instructions simultaneously.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control hazards are typically caused by conditional branch instructions, leading to uncertainties about the next instruction to be executed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common technique is used to address control hazards in pipelining?

<p>Branch prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stall in pipelining is a way of handling hazards by delaying the execution of one or more subsequent instructions until the hazard condition resolves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does resource duplication help to address structural hazards in pipelining?

<p>By providing multiple instances of the same resource, multiple instructions can access them concurrently without creating a hazard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although resource duplication solves structural hazards efficiently, it also increases the complexity of the overall system design.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept behind the simple solution to hazards in pipelining?

<p>Resource duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goal of pipelining is to achieve a speedup in instruction execution, which can often be measured as the ratio of the number of instructions completed in the non-pipelined system versus the number of instructions completed in the pipelined system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pipelining

A technique used in CPUs to increase performance by overlapping the execution of multiple instructions.

Non-pipeline system

A system where instructions must complete before the next one can begin, leading to slower processing.

Pipeline stages

Sequential steps in a pipeline, like instruction fetch, decode, execution, etc.

Instruction Fetch (IF)

Retrieving the next instruction from memory.

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Instruction Decode (ID)

Determining the operation and operands for the instruction.

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Operand Fetch (OF)

Retrieving data operands from memory or registers.

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Execution (EX)

Carrying out the instruction's operation (mathematical or logical).

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Memory Access (MEM)

Accessing memory to read or write data.

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Write Back (WB)

Storing the results of an instruction in registers.

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Data Hazard

A problem where one instruction depends on the result of another that hasn't finished yet.

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RAW Hazard

An instruction reads a value before it's written.

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WAR Hazard

An instruction writes to a value before another reads it.

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WAW Hazard

An instruction writes to a value before another writes to it.

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Structural Hazard

A pipeline problem due to limited hardware resources.

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Control Hazard

Problem due to conditional branching or jumps disrupting the pipeline.

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Pipelining Stages

Sequential steps in a pipeline. IF, ID, OF, EX, MEM, and WB.

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Speedup

Ratio of non-pipelined to pipelined execution time.

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Efficiency

Percentage of time pipeline stages are usable.

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Hazard solutions

Methods (stalling, forwarding/bypassing) to fix execution pipeline issues.

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Clock Cycles

Time units for execution in a pipeline.

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IPC

Instructions per clock cycle.

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Study Notes

Pipelining Definition

  • Pipelining is arranging CPU hardware elements to improve overall performance.

Pipelining Execution

  • Pipelining allows simultaneous execution of multiple instructions.
  • Non-pipelined processors execute instructions sequentially.
  • Pipelining overlaps instruction execution for better performance.

Pipelining Stages

  • Pipelining involves dividing instructions into stages (e.g., IF, ID, EX, MEM, WB).
  • Instructions move through stages in an overlapping manner.
  • Stages are performed sequentially for each instruction.

Pipelining Hazards

  • Hazards, are problems that can slow down or stop pipeline execution.
  • Data Hazards: occur when an instruction depends on the result of a prior instruction (e.g., Read After Write).
  • Structural Hazards: arise when multiple instructions require the same hardware resources concurrently.
  • Control Hazards: happen due to conditional branches or jumps in the program.

Hazard Solutions

  • Resource duplication: providing multiple copies of shared hardware units can solve structural hazards.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of pipelining in computer architecture through this quiz. Understand the stages of pipelining, the types of hazards, and their solutions. Test your knowledge of simultaneous instruction execution and the impact of hazards on performance.

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