Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes Random Access Memory (RAM)?
Which of the following describes Random Access Memory (RAM)?
What role does the Address Register play in relation to RAM?
What role does the Address Register play in relation to RAM?
Which scheduling algorithm processes tasks in the order they arrive?
Which scheduling algorithm processes tasks in the order they arrive?
What is virtual memory primarily used for?
What is virtual memory primarily used for?
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Which of the following best describes CPU utilization as a performance metric?
Which of the following best describes CPU utilization as a performance metric?
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What is the primary purpose of Apache Kafka?
What is the primary purpose of Apache Kafka?
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Which of the following describes a function of Kubernetes?
Which of the following describes a function of Kubernetes?
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What is a key benefit of running Kafka on Kubernetes?
What is a key benefit of running Kafka on Kubernetes?
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In Kafka, what role do producers play?
In Kafka, what role do producers play?
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What is the main function of partitions in Kafka topics?
What is the main function of partitions in Kafka topics?
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What is the primary responsibility of the kubelet in a Kubernetes cluster?
What is the primary responsibility of the kubelet in a Kubernetes cluster?
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Which Kubernetes service type allows external traffic to access a service on a specific port?
Which Kubernetes service type allows external traffic to access a service on a specific port?
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What is the function of a CronJob in Kubernetes?
What is the function of a CronJob in Kubernetes?
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What mechanism ensures that applications in Kubernetes are functioning correctly?
What mechanism ensures that applications in Kubernetes are functioning correctly?
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What describes the role of the Kubernetes scheduler?
What describes the role of the Kubernetes scheduler?
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What is the primary advantage of hyperthreading in a CPU?
What is the primary advantage of hyperthreading in a CPU?
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Which of these is NOT a common mechanism of Inter-Process Communication (IPC)?
Which of these is NOT a common mechanism of Inter-Process Communication (IPC)?
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What distinguishes multithreading from multitasking?
What distinguishes multithreading from multitasking?
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Which technique is used to avoid race conditions in multithreading?
Which technique is used to avoid race conditions in multithreading?
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In a multiprocessor system, what is a key benefit?
In a multiprocessor system, what is a key benefit?
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Study Notes
Operating Systems
- Definition: Software that manages hardware resources and services for computer programs.
- Functions: Memory management, process scheduling, and handling input/output operations.
- Types: Single-user, multi-user, real-time, and distributed.
Containerization
- Containers: Lightweight, portable units packaging applications and dependencies for consistent environments across systems.
- Container Runtime: Software for executing and managing containers (e.g., Docker).
- Images: Read-only templates used to create containers, including application code and dependencies.
Virtualization
- Hypervisor: Software layer allowing multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical machine. It manages VMs and allocates resources.
- Virtual Machines (VMs): Emulated computers running an OS and applications as if physical.
Distributed Systems
- Definition: System components located on networked computers communicating and coordinating.
- Key Concepts: Scalability, reliability, and resource management.
- Microservices: Architectural style structuring applications as collections of loosely coupled, independently deployable services.
Infrastructure
- Definition: Underlying physical and virtual resources supporting applications and services (e.g., servers, storage, networking).
- Management: Overseeing deployment, scaling, and maintenance of infrastructure components.
Automation and Scripting
- Importance: Automation tools and scripting languages (e.g., shell scripting) streamline processes, manage configurations, and deploy applications.
Networking
- Protocols: Rules governing data communication over networks (essential for distributed systems and cloud computing).
Difficult Terms
- Containerization: A method of virtualization where applications run in isolated environments, sharing the same OS kernel.
- Hypervisor: Software that runs virtual machines and manages resource distribution.
- Orchestration: Automated arrangement, coordination, and management of complex computer systems and services.
- Scalability: Ability to handle increased workload efficiently.
- Microservices: Architecture with small, independent services communicating over a network.
- CLI (Command-Line Interface): Text-based interface for interacting with software and operating systems.
- Docker: Platform automating deployment of applications in lightweight containers.
- Asciinema: Tool to record and share terminal sessions as text-based videos.
Operating Systems and Linux
- Definition of Operating Systems (OS)
- Types of Operating Systems.
- Core Components (Kernel, Shell, Utilities).
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Definition
- Addressing
- Address Register
- Process Management
- Processes
- Job, Thread, Task
- Scheduling Algorithms (FCFS)
Networking Protocols
- TCP/IP Model (Layers: Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical).
- Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical Layer definitions and function
- Protocols: HTTP, FTP, DNS, TCP, UDP
- Data Link Layer: MAC Addresses, Switches, Error Detection/Correction.
- Physical Layer (cables, coding techniques)
- Routing and Addressing
- Network Configuration
- Analogy of Postal Systems
- Key Technologies and Protocols (VLANs, NAT, DHCP)
Networking Protocols
- WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication)
- Key Protocols (RTP, RTCP)
- Video on Demand Protocols (HLS, DASH, RTMP)
- Data Processing Methodologies (batch, stream)
Apache Kafka
- Distributed event streaming platform for high-throughput, fault-tolerant data processing.
- Wide use in real-time data pipelines and streaming applications.
- Key features of Kafka on Kubernetes (Automatic Updates, Health Checks, Resource Allocation, Node Management, Access Control).
- Key Components (Producers, Consumers, Kafka Brokers, Topics, Partitions).
- Messaging pattern (Publish-Subscribe).
- Replication and Fault Tolerance
- CAP Theorem
- Consumer Offsets
- Performance Metrics, Integration and Ecosystem
Kubernetes (Container Orchestration Platform)
- Overview of Kubernetes
- Kubernetes Architecture
- Control Plane: API server, scheduler, controller manager
- Worker Plane: Nodes running applications (kubelet, kube-proxy)
- Kubernetes Objects
- Deployment
- Services
- ConfigMaps
- Secrets
- Automation and Scaling (autoscaling, cronjobs)
- Health Checks
- Networking
- Persistent Storage
- Deployment Strategies
File Systems
- File Systems Overview (Types, Physical vs. Logical)
- Data Management (Inodes, Metadata)
- Storage Devices (HDDs, SSDs, mounting/unmounting)
- Performance and Optimization (fragmentation, caching, self-healing)
- Backup and Recovery, redundancy
- Emerging Technologies (NVMe, ZFS, Btrfs)
- Directories and File Organization (directory structures, hard and symbolic links)
- Sectors and Blocks
Security, Safety and Performance
- Resist Attacks, Authenticate actors, React to attacks, Revoke Access, Recover from Attacks, Audit
- Unsafe State Detection, Sanity Check, Containment, Redundancy, Replication, Limit Consequences, Masking, Recovery, Rollback.
- Control Resource Demand, Limit Event Response, Remove Computational Overhead, Manage Resources.
Important Concepts
- Hyperthreading: Allows a single processor to appear as multiple logical processors.
- Concurrency vs. Parallelism: Concurrency manages multiple tasks concurrently, while parallelism executes tasks simultaneously.
- Multithreading: Multiple threads within a single program improve CPU usage.
- Multitasking: Process-based operation handled by the OS.
- Multiprocessing: Operating systems that use multiple processors to execute multiple tasks at once.
- Inter-Process Communication (IPC): Methods for allowing programs to communicate.
Difficult Terms
- Cache Hit/Miss, Volatile/Non-volatile Memory, Eviction Policy,
- Mutex, Race Condition
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Description
Test your knowledge of Computer Architecture and Kubernetes with this quiz. Answer questions regarding RAM, CPU utilization, as well as the functionalities of Apache Kafka and Kubernetes components. Perfect for students and professionals looking to assess their understanding of these technologies.
