Composting and Carbon Cycle Overview

Rotating compost bins enhance aeration, speeding up the decomposition of biodegradable materials.
Compost consists of organic material, creating nutrient-rich compost that benefits plants.
Key compost materials: leaves, banana peels, grass clippings, twigs, overripe fruit.

Carbon is a vital element found in all four biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form a diverse range of compounds.
Organic molecules, characterized by containing carbon, are the focus of organic chemistry.

Carbon cycles among reservoirs: oceans, rocks, fossil fuels, living organisms, and the atmosphere.
Photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae) absorb atmospheric CO2, incorporating carbon into their structure.
Animals consume plants, transferring carbon through the food chain.
Cellular respiration by both plants and animals releases CO2 back into the atmosphere.
Decomposing organic matter eventually contributes to fossil fuel formation.
Excessive fossil fuel combustion increases atmospheric CO2, contributing to greenhouse gas effects and climate change.

Nitrogen is essential for amino acids and nucleotides, foundational components of proteins and nucleic acids.
Most nitrogen exists as gas in the atmosphere but must be converted into usable forms (fixed nitrogen) for organisms.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and ammonium.
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil transform ammonium into nitrates and nitrites, which are readily absorbed by plants.
Animals obtain nitrogen by consuming plants; decomposition returns ammonia to the soil (ammonification).
Denitrifying bacteria can convert nitrates and nitrites back into atmospheric nitrogen, completing the cycle.

Excess nitrogen from fertilizers can lead to nitrogen pollution, causing algal blooms in water bodies.
Algal overgrowth restricts light and depletes dissolved oxygen when dead plants decompose, harming aquatic ecosystems.

Carbon and nitrogen cycles represent remarkable interconnectedness in ecosystems.
Each carbon atom may have existed in various forms through Earth's history, including as part of ancient organisms.
Maintaining balance in these cycles is crucial for ecological health and sustainability.

Rotating compost bins improve aeration, accelerating the breakdown of biodegradable materials.
Compost comprises organic matter, enriching the soil with nutrients beneficial for plant growth.
Key ingredients for compost include leaves, banana peels, grass clippings, twigs, and overripe fruit.

Carbon is integral to all four biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Each carbon atom possesses four valence electrons, enabling the formation of a diverse array of chemical compounds.
Organic molecules, which must contain carbon, are the primary focus of organic chemistry studies.

Carbon circulates through various reservoirs including oceans, rocks, fossil fuels, living organisms, and the atmosphere.
Photosynthetic organisms like plants and algae absorb atmospheric CO2, integrating carbon into their biological structures.
Animals obtain carbon by consuming plants, facilitating the transfer through the food chain.
Both plants and animals release CO2 back into the atmosphere via cellular respiration.
Decomposition of organic matter contributes to the formation of fossil fuels over time.
Increased combustion of fossil fuels raises atmospheric CO2 levels, exacerbating greenhouse gas concentrations and driving climate change.

Nitrogen is crucial for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, key components of proteins and nucleic acids.
While the majority of nitrogen in the atmosphere exists as a gas, it must be converted into usable forms (fixed nitrogen) for living organisms.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with plant roots convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and ammonium.
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil change ammonium into nitrates and nitrites, forms that plants easily absorb.
Animals source nitrogen by eating plants, and decomposition returns ammonia to the soil through a process called ammonification.
Denitrifying bacteria can convert nitrates and nitrites back into atmospheric nitrogen, completing the nitrogen cycle.

Excess nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers can result in nitrogen pollution, inciting harmful algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems.
Algal overgrowth diminishes light penetration and depletes dissolved oxygen as they decay, adversely affecting aquatic life.

The interconnectedness of carbon and nitrogen cycles highlights the complexity of ecological systems.
Each carbon atom may have existed in numerous forms throughout Earth's history, including within ancient organisms.
Achieving balance in these cycles is essential for maintaining ecological health and promoting sustainability.