Comparative Performance of Indian Locomotives

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Questions and Answers

Which locomotive has the highest horsepower output?

  • WAP4
  • WAP1
  • WAP5
  • WAG9 (correct)

What is the maximum service speed of the WAP5 locomotive?

  • 160 km/h (correct)
  • 130 km/h
  • 135 km/h
  • 140 km/h

Which locomotive can carry the most coaches at a speed of 130 km/h?

  • WAP5 (correct)
  • WAP4
  • WAP6
  • WAP3

What is the axle load of WAP4?

<p>19.0 t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive has the lowest continuous tractive effort at 72 km/h?

<p>WAP1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what speed can WAP6 operate a maximum of 12 coaches on a 1/200 grade?

<p>130 km/h (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive has the highest continuous tractive effort at its rated speed?

<p>WAP5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unsprung mass per axle for WAP5?

<p>2.69 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive can operate at the lowest continuous speed?

<p>WAP5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive has the same horsepower as WAP3?

<p>WAG5H (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much can the total running time of the existing HWD-NDLS Rajdhani Express be reduced when run by a WAP5 loco at the existing booked speed?

<p>30 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the full speed potential of a WAP5 loco (booked speed of 150 km/h) is utilized for the HWH-NDLS Rajdhani Express, what is the total reduction in running time?

<p>1 hour 15 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many coaches can the HWH-NDLS Rajdhani Express theoretically enhance to while maintaining the existing total running time when hauled by a WAP5 loco?

<p>29 coaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the power output of the WAP5 loco for supply to the coaches?

<p>850 kVA at 750 V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By how much can the running time of the existing 9-coach Shatabdi Express be reduced if hauled by a WAP5 loco with enhanced booked speed?

<p>12 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of additional coaches that can be added to the existing 9-coach NDLS-BPL Shatabdi Express at existing booked speed without affecting total running time?

<p>5 coaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum tractive effort (T.E) of the WAG9 locomotive?

<p>46.9 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which axle load is associated with a speed of 51.1 km/h?

<p>21.0 t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a primary operational advantage of the WAP5 loco?

<p>Reduced requirement for power cars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a balancing speed with a 4700t BOXN load at level grade, how many locomotives are required to achieve a speed of greater than 100 km/h?

<p>1 locomotive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is associated with the reliability of 3-phase locomotives compared to others?

<p>Higher reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which gradient does the number of required locomotives for starting remain consistent across all types tested?

<p>1 in 400 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upsprung mass per axle for the locomotive with a maximum T.E of 45.0 t?

<p>4.3 t (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range of maximum electrical braking effort is noted at speeds between 27-36 km/h?

<p>27-36 t (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which speed is the axle load of 20.5 t recorded?

<p>50.0 km/h (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locomotives shows a distinct advantage in starting capability due to better adhesion?

<p>WAG9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuous tractive effort (Cont.T.E) of the locomotive associated with the speed of 44.0 km/h?

<p>30.8 t (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition prevents certain locomotives from hauling at a given speed on a 1 in 200 grade with a curvature of 2°?

<p>Insufficient electrical braking effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum upsprung mass per axle for any of the locomotives listed?

<p>3.99 t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of the on-board fault diagnostics system in WAP5/WAG9 locomotives?

<p>Reduces trouble-shooting time on the line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy savings has been experienced with WAP5/WAG9 locomotives compared to conventional methods?

<p>20-30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the power factor of 3-phase locomotives compare to conventional locomotives?

<p>It operates at a near unity power factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of improved power factor in context to conductor size?

<p>Decreases the required conductor size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using PWM converter technology in locomotives?

<p>Reduces harmonic interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the lower maintenance requirement of 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Absence of commutator and power contactors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the unsprung mass of WAP5 locomotives compare to WAP4 locomotives?

<p>WAP5 has a lower unsprung mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does a lower unsprung mass provide for WAP5 locomotives?

<p>Enhances riding qualities and reduces track disturbance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the use of an induction motor have in 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Reduces the unsprung mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main advantages of the lower maintenance of 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Higher availability on line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive is capable of operating the highest number of coaches at a speed of 160 km/h?

<p>WAP6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuous tractive effort of the WAG9 locomotive at its rated speed of 73 km/h?

<p>19.0 t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive exhibits the lowest maximum service speed?

<p>WAP1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locomotives has a higher axle load than WAP5?

<p>WAP4 (C), WAG6C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which continuous speed is associated with the WAP3 locomotive?

<p>72 km/h (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum starting tractive effort (TE) of the WAP4 locomotive?

<p>30.8 t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive has the highest continuous horsepower output at rail?

<p>WAG9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locomotives has a lower unsprung mass per axle compared to WAP4?

<p>WAP5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum speed potential of the WAG5H locomotive?

<p>80 km/h (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive is designed to handle 22 coaches at a speed of 130 km/h?

<p>WAP3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does utilizing the full speed potential of the WAP5 loco have on the total running time of the HWH-NDLS Rajdhani Express?

<p>Reduces it by about 1 hour and 15 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To which gradient does the table indicate the minimum number of locomotives required for starting is always 1 for a 4700 t BOXN?

<p>1 in 400 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the HWH-NDLS Rajdhani Express's running time is maintained at existing booked speed while using a WAP5 loco, what is the maximum number of coaches it can theoretically be enhanced to?

<p>29 coaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one operational advantage of the WAP5 loco that reduces the need for power cars?

<p>It provides 850 kVA at 750 V for coaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many locomotives are required for starting on a 1 in 100 gradient for a 5055 t BOXN?

<p>4 locomotives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 3-phase locomotives in comparison to others?

<p>They are known for higher reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For starting a freight train with a grade of 1 in 70, how many locomotives are typically required for a 4700 t BOXN?

<p>3 locomotives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of using a WAP5 loco on the running time of the existing 9-coach Shatabdi Express?

<p>Reduces it by about 12 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit realized from the WAP5's power factor?

<p>Less energy is lost in transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical effect of adding coaches to the NDLS-BPL Shatabdi Express while maintaining total running time?

<p>It can hold up to 5 additional coaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of the on-board fault diagnostics system in WAP5/WAG9 locomotives?

<p>Reduces troubleshooting time on line. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do WAP5/WAG9 locomotives contribute to energy savings?

<p>By generating electrical power during braking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the improved power factor in 3-phase locomotives?

<p>More locomotives can be accommodated in the same feeding zone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the PWM converter technique offer in 3-phase locomotives?

<p>It minimizes harmonic interference compared to thyristor locos. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the absence of commutators and power contactors have on 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Much lower maintenance requirements and costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of unsprung mass, how do WAP5 locomotives compare with WAP4 locomotives?

<p>WAP5 has a lower unsprung mass of 2.69 tonnes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key benefits of utilizing an induction motor in 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Lower unsprung mass contributing to better riding quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drawback can be minimized due to the improved power factor in 3-phase locomotives?

<p>Penalties from power supply authorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary advantages attributed to the operation of 3-phase locos at near unity power factor?

<p>Reduction in rail wear due to more efficient energy use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the maintenance aspects of 3-phase locomotives influence their performance?

<p>They allow for higher availability on the line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuous tractive effort (Cont.T.E) for a locomotive operating at a speed of 50.0 km/h?

<p>27.0 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what speed can a locomotive with a 21.0 t axle load maintain an operation on a level grade with only 1 locomotive?

<p>87 km/h (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which locomotive shows the highest maximum traction effort (T.E) listed?

<p>46.9 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum balancing speed for a freight train with a 4700t BOXN load required to operate on a 1 in 200 grade with a curvature of 2°?

<p>42 km/h (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum electrical braking effort at speeds between 27-36 km/h for the locomotives listed?

<p>Between 27-36 km/h (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option indicates an axle load associated with the highest maximum tractive effort (T.E)?

<p>22.0 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upsprung mass per axle for the locomotives achieving a continuous tractive effort of 30.8 t?

<p>4.3 t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter contributes significantly to the starting capability of the WAG9 locomotive?

<p>Higher starting tractive effort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What speed is necessary to operate a locomotive with a 20.0 t axle load on a 1 in 200 grade with a 2° curvature?

<p>82 km/h (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum tractive effort observed for a freight locomotive operating at 44.0 km/h?

<p>45.0 t (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

WAP5 locomotive performance

WAP5 locomotives have superior traction and adhesion compared to older models, shown in Table 10.1.

WAP5 capacity (passengers)

WAP5 passenger locomotives can carry 26 coaches at 135 km/h, among other configurations.

WAP5 capacity (1/200 grade)

WAP5 locomotives can haul 16 coaches on a 1/200 grade at 130 km/h, among other configurations.

WAP5 HP Output

WAP5 locomotives have a high horsepower output of 5400.

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WAP5 max. service speed

The maximum operational speed for WAP5 locomotives is 160 km/h.

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WAP5 continuous speed

The average speed that WAP5 locomotives can sustain is 50 km/h, among other configurations.

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WAG5H continuous horsepower

WAG5H freight locomotives have a continuous horsepower of 4200.

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WAG9 max speed

WAG9 freight locomotives can potentially reach a speed of 100 km/h.

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Comparative Performance Data

Tables 10.1 and 10.2 show how different locomotive types perform.

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Locomotive Types

Different locomotive types (WAP1, WAP3, WAP4, WAP-5, WAP-6, WAG5H, WAG7, WAG7H, WAG6C, WAG9) are compared for performance.

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Locomotive Starting Capacity

The number of locomotives needed to start a freight train on different grades/slopes.

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WAP5 Locomotive

A type of electric locomotive, known for its speed and hauling capacity.

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Rajdhani Express

A high-speed passenger train in India.

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Shatabdi Express

A premium, high-speed train service in India.

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Booked Speed

The maximum allowable speed for a train based on track conditions and other factors.

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Running Time

The total time taken for a train to complete a journey.

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Grade (Railroad)

The steepness of a railway track.

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3-Phase Technology

A locomotive power technology that uses three-phase alternating electric current for efficiency.

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Power of 850 kVA

850 kilovolt-amperes (kVA) electrical power output.

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Freight Train

A train that transports goods or cargo.

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WAG9 Locomotive Advantage

The WAG9 locomotive excels in freight train starting due to higher starting tractive effort and better adhesion compared to other types.

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Balancing Speed (Freight)

Speed of a freight train when balanced with its load, important for locomotive operation.

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Starting Tractive Effort

The pulling force a locomotive generates when starting a train.

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Adhesion

The gripping force between the locomotive's wheels and the tracks.

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Freight Locomotive Speed

The speed related to the operation of freight locomotives while hauling trains.

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Electrical Braking Effort

The ability of the locomotive to brake electrically, operating between specific speeds.

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Axle Load

The weight carried by a single axle of a locomotive or rail vehicle.

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Upsprung Mass

The weight of a locomotive's components that are not directly on the axles.

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Max. Tractive Effort

Highest possible pulling force a locomotive can exert.

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Cont. Tractive Effort

Continuous or sustaining pulling force of a locomotive.

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3-Phase Locomotive Advantage: On-Board Diagnostics

3-phase locomotives include an on-board fault diagnostics system, which helps diagnose issues quickly and reduces downtime for repairs.

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3-Phase Locomotive Advantage: Regenerative Braking

During braking, 3-phase locomotives can return energy to the power supply, reducing energy consumption and saving costs.

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3-Phase Locomotive Advantage: Power Factor

3-phase locomotives operate at near unity power factor, which means they use electricity more efficiently, minimizing penalties and reducing the required power supply infrastructure.

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3-Phase Locomotive Advantage: Reduced Harmonics

3-phase locomotives use PWM converters that reduce harmonic interference, enabling more sophisticated signaling systems for improved train safety.

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3-Phase Locomotive Maintenance: Reduced Components

3-phase locomotives lack commutators and some power contactors, leading to less maintenance and a lower cost of maintenance.

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3-Phase Locomotive Maintenance: Unsprung Mass

3-phase locomotives have lower unsprung mass compared to conventional locomotives, resulting in a smoother ride, less track damage, and reduced wear on wheels and rails.

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What does 'regenerative braking' mean?

Regenerative braking is a feature in 3-phase locomotives where energy from braking is returned back to the power supply instead of being wasted as heat.

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What are the benefits of a near-unity power factor in a locomotive?

A near-unity power factor means the locomotive uses electricity efficiently, reducing penalties from power supply authorities and allowing for a smaller power supply infrastructure.

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How does the PWM converter in a 3-phase locomotive improve train safety?

PWM converters reduce harmonic interference, which are electrical disturbances that could disrupt track signaling systems. This allows for more sophisticated signaling systems, improving train safety.

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What are the key maintenance advantages of 3-phase locomotives?

3-phase locomotives have fewer components that require maintenance, such as commutators and power contactors. They also have a lower unsprung mass, resulting in less wear on tracks and wheels.

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WAP5 Locomotive Capacity

The WAP5 locomotive can haul 26 coaches at a speed of 135 km/h, or a smaller number of coaches at higher speeds.

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WAP5 Locomotive Traction Effort

The WAP5 locomotive has a high tractive effort (TE) of 22.4 tons at 50 km/h, enabling it to start heavy trains.

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Locomotive Continuous Power

Continuous horsepower (HP) at rail indicates the sustained power output a locomotive can deliver.

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Locomotive Maximum Speed Potential

The maximum speed a locomotive can potentially reach is indicated by 'Max speed potential' (km/h).

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Locomotive Axle Load

Axle load (t) refers to the weight each axle of a locomotive carries, affecting track loads.

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Locomotive Unsprung Mass

Unsprung mass (t) is the weight of a locomotive's components that aren't directly on the axles, influencing ride and track impact.

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Locomotive Starting Tractive Effort

Starting TE (t) indicates the maximum pulling force a locomotive can exert to start a train.

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Locomotive Continuous Tractive Effort

Continuous TE (t) indicates the maximum pulling force a locomotive can sustain over prolonged periods.

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What is the importance of the WAP5 locomotive's TE-speed characteristic?

The WAP5 locomotive's high tractive effort (TE) at lower speeds allows it to efficiently start heavy trains and accelerate them. Its high TE-speed characteristic enables better performance compared to older locomotives.

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Starting Capacity

The number of locomotives needed to start a freight train on a specific grade (slope).

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What is tractive effort?

Tractive effort is the pulling force a locomotive generates, especially important when starting a heavy train.

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What is adhesion?

Adhesion is the grip between the locomotive's wheels and the track. Stronger adhesion means better pulling power.

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What is 'Upsprung mass'?

Upsprung mass is the weight of parts in a locomotive that are not directly on the wheels (like the engine, cab, and equipment).

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What is 'Max. Tractive Effort'?

Max. tractive effort is the highest pulling force a locomotive can produce.

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What is 'Cont. Tractive Effort'?

Cont. tractive effort is the pulling force a locomotive can sustain over time.

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What is 'Electrical Braking Effort'?

Electrical braking effort is the ability of a locomotive to brake using electricity, operating between specific speeds.

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What is 'Axle Load'?

Axle load is the weight carried by a single axle, a key factor in track design and train operation.

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What does '3-Phase Technology' mean?

3-phase technology is an electric locomotive power system that uses three alternating electric currents for more efficient operation.

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3-Phase Loco Advantage: On-Board Diagnostics

3-phase locomotives have an on-board fault diagnostics system. This helps diagnose issues quickly and reduces downtime for repairs.

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3-Phase Loco Advantage: Regenerative Braking

During braking, 3-phase locomotives return energy back to the power supply. This saves energy and reduces costs.

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3-Phase Loco Advantage: Power Factor

3-phase locomotives operate at near unity power factor, which means they use electricity more efficiently. This minimizes penalties and reduces the required power supply infrastructure.

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3-Phase Loco Advantage: Reduced Harmonics

3-phase locomotives use PWM converters that reduce harmonic interference. This allows for more sophisticated signaling systems and improves train safety.

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3-Phase Loco Maintenance: Reduced Components

3-phase locomotives lack commutators and some power contactors, leading to less maintenance and a lower cost.

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3-Phase Loco Maintenance: Unsprung Mass

3-phase locomotives have lower unsprung mass compared to conventional locomotives. This provides a smoother ride, reduces track damage, and lowers wear on wheels and rails.

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What is 'regenerative braking'?

Regenerative braking is a system where energy from a locomotive's braking is returned to the power supply instead of being wasted as heat.

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Why is a near-unity power factor beneficial?

A near-unity power factor indicates more efficient electricity use. This reduces penalties from power companies and allows for a smaller power supply infrastructure.

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How do 3-phase locomotives improve train safety?

3-phase locomotives use PWM converters to reduce harmonic interference, which can disrupt signaling systems. This allows for advanced signaling systems, improving safety.

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Study Notes

Comparative Operating Performance

  • WAP5 and WAG9 locomotives have superior speed and adhesive qualities compared to existing Indian locomotives.
  • Comparative performance data for WAP5 locomotives are detailed in Table 10.1.
  • Table 10.1 shows capacity on level and 1/200 grade for various types of locomotives, including the number of coaches and speed levels.
  • HP output, maximum service speed, continuous speed, axle load, unsprung mass per axle, and maximum starting/continuous tractive effort (TE) are provided for each locomotive type.

Comparative Operating Performance Data (Freight Locomotives)

  • Table 10.2 gives comparative operating performance data for freight locomotives.
  • The table details continuous horsepower (HP), maximum speed potential, continuous speed, axle load, unsprung mass, maximum and continuous TE for WAG5H, WAG7, WAG7H, WAG6C, and WAG9 locomotives.
  • Electrical braking effort is detailed for a range of speeds in various units.
  • The table also shows balancing speed with 4700t BOXN load, grade, curvature, and number of locomotives for specific levels.

Comparative Starting Capabilities of Freight Locomotives

  • Table 10.3 outlines the number of locomotives required to start freight trains based on different grades.
  • The table shows the number of various locomotives needed to start trains on different inclines for varying freight loads (4700t and 5055t BOXN).

Highlights on Haulage Capabilities

  • Running time for existing HWD-NDLS Rajdhani Express could reduce by about 30 minutes if hauled by a WAP5 locomotive at booked speed.
  • Full speed potential (150 km/h) of a WAP5 locomotive could reduce running time by about 1 hour and 15 minutes.
  • If running time needs to remain constant, a WAP5 could potentially handle a 29-coach Rajdhani Express at existing booked speeds.
  • Running time for NDLS-JHS Shatabdi Express could reduce by 12 minutes with a WAP5 at enhanced speed (150 km/h).
  • Up to 5 coaches can be added to the NDLS-BPL Shatabdi Express without impacting running time using a WAP5.

Operational Advantages

  • WAP5 locomotives can provide 850 kVA (1-phase) power to coaches, potentially reducing the need for power cars.
  • 3-phase locomotives generally have higher reliability, quicker fault diagnostics, and reduced on-line troubleshooting time.
  • Regenerative braking (returning electrical power to the overhead system) in 3-phase locomotives can save energy (20-30%) compared to other systems.
  • 3-phase locomotives operate at near-unity power factor, reducing power factor penalties and potentially requiring smaller overhead lines (OHE)

Maintenance Aspects

  • 3-phase locomotives have lower maintenance costs and greater availability due to the absence of commutators and power contactors.
  • Lower unsprung mass in WAP5 locomotives (around 2.69 tonnes) compared to WAP4 (around 4.2 tonnes) results in better riding quality and reduced track wear/damage.

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