Community Psychology Week 1

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Questions and Answers

What does the Social Ecological Model focus on in relation to behavior?

Considering broader social environments (correct)

Addressing personal relationships only

Empowering individuals solely

Focusing on societal systems exclusively

The Mental Health Model primarily focuses on individual and family units.

False

What is the primary aim of primary prevention?

To prevent the occurrence of an event for the entire population.

Secondary prevention focuses on early identification and management of the ______ to influence the outcome of a disorder.

problem Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of prevention with their descriptions:

Primary Prevention = Interventions aimed at high risk groups Secondary Prevention = Early identification of disorders Tertiary Prevention = Limit the impact of existing disorders Universal Interventions = Target the entire population Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intervention is targeted at those who already show symptoms of a disorder?

Indicated interventions Signup and view all the answers

The biopsychosocial framework considers both biological and social factors in mental health.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of tertiary prevention?

To identify an existing disorder and limit its impact. Signup and view all the answers

The major task of prevention programs is to identify and address factors that place people at ______.

risk Signup and view all the answers

Which framework is considered the most influential in the context of mental health?

Eco-systemic framework Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of community psychology?

Understanding behavior in a broader context Signup and view all the answers

Community psychology emerged primarily as a response to individual-level psychological concerns.

False Signup and view all the answers

In which country is community understood significantly in terms of race due to historical events?

South Africa Signup and view all the answers

Community psychology seeks to improve __________, well-being, and social conditions.

mental health Signup and view all the answers

Match the following principles of community psychology with their descriptions:

Social Contexts and Diversity = Recognizes mental health is influenced by various factors beyond the individual. Prevention and Promotion = Focuses on addressing root causes to aid psychosocial wellbeing. Historical Context = Acknowledges the impact of historical events on community structures and mental health. Power Control = Stresses the need for equality of opportunity in community interventions. Signup and view all the answers

During which decade did community psychology primarily emerge as a field?

1960s Signup and view all the answers

Community psychology solely aims to change individual behavior without considering community conditions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What two central features are highlighted in the emergence and development of community psychology?

Evolving discipline, influenced by social context Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key contributions of Julian Rapaport to Community Psychology?

Concept of empowerment Signup and view all the answers

Community Psychology promotes a focus solely on individual mental health issues.

False Signup and view all the answers

Why did Community Psychology emerge in South Africa?

As a social resistance to apartheid. Signup and view all the answers

Community Psychology emphasizes the importance of _____ participation and local empowerment.

citizen Signup and view all the answers

Match the key figures to their contributions in Community Psychology:

Paulo Freire = Critical pedagogy and collaboration between psychologists and community leaders Julian Rapaport = Introduced the concept of empowerment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two key points of Community Psychology?

Facilitate equitable access to mental health services Signup and view all the answers

Community Psychology focuses only on theoretical aspects, avoiding practical interventions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key aspects Community Psychology addresses?

Equitable access to mental health services and social factors affecting well-being. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Mental Health Model (MHM)?

It pathologizes mental health issues. Signup and view all the answers

Violence against women in South Africa is lower than the global average.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of abuse that children may experience.

Physical abuse Signup and view all the answers

The poverty rate in South Africa currently stands at _____%.

71 Signup and view all the answers

Match the form of violence to its description:

Collective Violence = Violent acts perpetrated by large groups Interpersonal Violence = Occurs between relatives or acquaintances Political Violence = Violent acts serving political imperatives Economic Violence = Violent acts carried out for economic gain Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability to influence others stemming from social status and knowledge?

Power Signup and view all the answers

Foucault believed that power can be exercised without the use of violence.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one psychological outcome of violence against women?

PTSD Signup and view all the answers

A campaign aimed at raising awareness about social issues is known as _____ raising.

consciousness Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of child abuse to their definitions:

Physical Abuse = Actual or potential physical harm Emotional Abuse = Failure to provide developmental support Neglect = Failure to provide adequate care Exploitation = Involving children in work for others' benefit Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in understanding poverty in South Africa?

It was influenced by apartheid policies. Signup and view all the answers

Malnutrition has a direct effect on mental health.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one form of collective violence.

Social violence Signup and view all the answers

Economic violence is defined as violent acts carried out for _____ gain.

economic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the primary sector in the formal labor market?

Regulated and higher wages Signup and view all the answers

The majority of poorly educated individuals in urban areas are less likely to be unemployed compared to their rural counterparts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main types of poverty interventions described in the content.

Poverty alleviation and poverty reduction Signup and view all the answers

Children have the right to adequate ________, which is essential for their health and well-being.

nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of unemployment with their descriptions:

Poorly educated in rural areas = Experience high unemployment rates Young unemployed = Lack of labor market experience Long-term unemployed = Unemployment for an extended period Highly educated and unemployed = Education does not guarantee employment Signup and view all the answers

Which factor mainly contributes to the significant disadvantage of black children in healthcare compared to white children?

Racially stratified healthcare systems Signup and view all the answers

Racialization involves assigning non-physical attributes to certain racial groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that drives the spread of HIV in South Africa?

Poverty Signup and view all the answers

________ is an ideology that justifies systemic inequalities between racial groups.

Racism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Upstream interventions = Focus on macro-level social changes Downstream interventions = Target direct healthcare solutions for individuals Poverty eradication = Systemic reforms for political empowerment Poverty reduction = Creating opportunities to lessen the depth of poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is a contextual enabler of HIV that impacts its spread?

Cultural norms and practices Signup and view all the answers

The stigma around HIV does not affect individuals' willingness to seek treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify one major impact of the apartheid system on public health in South Africa.

Stratified access to healthcare along racial lines Signup and view all the answers

The right to health is implied in the children's right to _______.

basic healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What is one focus of community education initiatives regarding HIV?

Addressing misconceptions and reducing stigma Signup and view all the answers

Homelessness is only defined as the lack of a physical shelter.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one psychological impact of homelessness.

High prevalence of mental illness. Signup and view all the answers

The majority of homeless individuals in South Africa are from previously __________ groups.

marginalized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a group of homelessness according to the United Nations?

Temporary housing Signup and view all the answers

Most elderly people in South Africa live in retirement facilities.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of substance abuse among the homeless population?

Loss of possessions and homes. Signup and view all the answers

Approximately __________% of elderly people in South Africa are poor.

25 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following issues with their descriptions:

Rooflessness = Living without any shelter Insecure accommodation = Lacking stable living conditions Substandard housing = Housing that does not meet basic requirements Homelessness = General term for lacking a permanent home Signup and view all the answers

What approach is recommended for effective intervention in homelessness?

Considering the social, psychological, and physical impacts Signup and view all the answers

Many street children find adequate shelter and nutrition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that contributes to the prevalence of homelessness?

Lack of low-income housing. Signup and view all the answers

The capacity of an individual to recover from setbacks is known as __________.

resilience Signup and view all the answers

What social issue affects older people with HIV the most?

Stigma and gender inequality Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception about the elderly?

They are a burden to society. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1

A community is typically defined by geographical areas, shared beliefs, values, or cultural practices (e.g., religious groups).
In South Africa, community is often understood in terms of race due to the impact of apartheid.
Community psychology studies individuals within the broader community context to improve mental health, well-being, and social conditions. It differs from traditional psychology, which focuses on individual interventions.
Traditional psychology focuses on individual factors, while community psychology emphasizes the context of behavior.
Community psychology emerged in response to social and political unrest in 1960s North America.
It focuses on prevention and promotion, and addressing the root causes of problems to provide appropriate wellbeing interventions for psychosocial wellbeing.

Emergence and Principles of CP

Two central features of community psychology's development: continuous evolution as a sub-discipline to understand and intervene, and development influenced by the social context.
Community psychologies vary based on the context of emergence.
Challenges dominant views of human development and psychosocial well-being, highlighting equal opportunity and greater power.
Promotes knowledge production and research practices that benefit communities and advance social development.
CP reflects the social demands of a specific time, with diverse histories and multiple influences.

Principles and Values

Social Contexts and Diversity: Emphasizes the importance of social and cultural contexts in mental health, including socioeconomic conditions, historical context, and community structures.
Empowerment and Power Dynamics: Promotes community control, autonomy, and empowerment with community participation for improved outcomes.
Challenging Dominant Psychology: Critiques traditional psychology's individualistic approach, emphasizing social justice, equity, and community-level interventions.
Global Variability: Acknowledges that CP varies by country, influenced by local social issues and adapting to different social contexts worldwide.

Key Figures

Paulo Freire: critical pedagogy, emphasizes collaboration between psychologists and community leaders.
Julian Rapapport: introduced the concept of empowerment.

South African Community Psychology

Developed as a social resistance to apartheid, addressing the impact of race and racism.
Psychologists provided services to victims of torture and violence.
Emergence of CP is deeply political in South Africa.

Week 2

CP focuses on the relationship between the individual and their environment in social and historical contexts.
The values in CP are deeply held ideals, intensely felt and developed through experience.
CP considers ecological systems (political, social, environmental) and emphasizes citizen participation and local empowerment.
Addressing oppression: examines power dynamics and systemically discriminatory factors, such as biographical factors (race, gender, class, disability, religion, sexual orientation), bigotry, and discrimination.
Personal and Political Empowerment: stresses individual control over one's life and access to resources.
Community and citizen participation: emphasizes the role of community members in the development of solutions.
Risk Prevention and Health Promotion: identifies factors that place people at risk and focuses on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels.

Week 3

Social Ecological Model: Initially relied on the Mental Health Model, then broadened to account for the interaction between people and their environment.
Key points of criticism of the MHM: resource intensive, overly reliant on professional expertise, and lack of socio-economic considerations.
Four Principles of the Social Ecological Model: interdependence (multiple components interacting), distribution of resources (different types and their allocation), adaptation (coping mechanisms), and succession (adaptation to new situations).
These principles acknowledge the complex interaction within a community and the interplay between individuals and systems.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

Nested systems of environment: considers interactions within micro, meso, exo, macro and chrono systems (immediate, connections, indirect, societal, time-related change).
Useful for examining the multitude of influencing factors.
Recognizes the complex interactions between environmental factors.

Week 4

Power and Violence: Power stems from social status, knowledge, and the ability to influence others.
Foucault's work on the relationship between power and knowledge.
Defining Violence: distinction between violation and violence, including collective violence (state violence, social violence, economic violence, examples in South Africa).
Violence against vulnerable groups (elderly, children, women) and the need for intervention.

Week 5

Race and Child Health: Racism is a central aspect of social organization in South Africa.
Racialized patterns in child healthcare (historically unequal access across racial groups)
Addressing racialized child health issues by focusing on upstream interventions (e.g. policies) and downstream interventions (e.g. services for communities).
Key Concepts: examines social phenomenon of constructing race, racism as an ideology, how it marginalizes groups, etc.

Week 6

Homelessness: violation of basic human rights, with differing categories like rooflessness, homelessness, insecure accommodation, and substandard housing.
Ecological approach to homelessness; factors outside individual control (poverty, lack of education, access to resources).
Psychological impact of homelessness; mental illness, substance abuse, parental instability.
Informal settlements and roles of CP involve community psychologist's intervention, considering multi-factors affecting homelessness.
Understanding homelessness as a multi-systemic issue.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of community psychology in this Week 1 quiz. Understand the historical context, the differences between community and traditional psychology, and the key principles that guide this sub-discipline. Test your knowledge on the role of communities in mental health and well-being, especially in the context of South Africa.