Community Pharmacy: Definition & Key Aspects

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Questions and Answers

In the context of community pharmacy, what does the term 'interface' primarily refer to?

  • The interaction between the pharmacy staff and pharmaceutical companies.
  • The physical design of the pharmacy building.
  • The software used for managing prescriptions and patient records.
  • The connection between the public/consumer/patient and the retail facility offering health-related services. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the ownership model that is more commonly associated with a retail pharmacy rather than a community pharmacy?

  • Part of a larger retail chain, franchise, or corporate business. (correct)
  • Owned by a cooperative of local healthcare professionals.
  • Independently owned and operated by a pharmacist.
  • Managed by a non-profit organization focused on public health.

What is the primary distinction in service emphasis between a community pharmacy and a retail pharmacy?

  • Community pharmacies focus on dispensing medications, while retail pharmacies focus on patient counseling.
  • Community pharmacies emphasize patient care and medication management, while retail pharmacies focus on selling health-related products. (correct)
  • Retail pharmacies do not require licensed pharmacists, whereas community pharmacies do.
  • Community pharmacies provide vaccinations, while retail pharmacies offer only OTC medications.

Which of these scenarios represents a key role of a health systems pharmacist that is less emphasized in a community pharmacy setting?

<p>Collaborating with physicians and other healthcare professionals to optimize patient care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of a retailer in a pharmacy setting extend beyond a typical business transaction?

<p>By having a direct interaction with the society/consumer and offering services that impact public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does joining the ‘professional transformation’ benefit a community pharmacy?

<p>It enables a shift from simply providing a service to providing comprehensive care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'pharmaceutical care' represent an advancement in pharmacy practice within a community setting?

<p>It incorporates research and documentation to improve patient outcomes and see tangible results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of community pharmacy, what does the term 'hybrid concept' refer to?

<p>A balance of retail and clinical pharmacy practices within one setting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inherent conflict might arise when an investor views a pharmacy primarily as a business?

<p>The investor might prioritize profit over patient care, conflicting with the pharmacist’s role as a service provider. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a pharmacist’s role as the 'Qualified Person/Licensee' contribute to the sustainability of a community pharmacy?

<p>By ensuring the pharmacy functions according to regulations and professional standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role can a community pharmacy play in improving public health indicators at the national level?

<p>By offering services like health promotion, disease management, and public health awareness campaigns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the community pharmacy’s emphasis on building credible relationships affect its role in the healthcare system?

<p>It enables the pharmacy to become a trustworthy resource, fostering better health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason why compounding might be performed in a community pharmacy?

<p>To create medications in dosage forms and for special populations that are not commercially available. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to OBRA '90, what is a key requirement for pharmacists when dispensing prescriptions?

<p>To perform a minimum level of pharmaceutical care with every prescription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classical paradigm of pharmaceutical care, which aspect is primarily evaluated?

<p>The appropriateness of the drug and dose for the patient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial element should a pharmacist include when dispensing medication, in addition to accuracy and proper labeling?

<p>Storage information for the medication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the contemporary approach to pharmaceutical care primarily focus on?

<p>Appropriateness of the entire pharmacotherapy care plan and its results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following public health initiatives might a community pharmacy be involved in?

<p>Rational use of drugs, poisoning prevention, and smoking cessation services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important step should a patient take before injecting insulin with an insulin pen?

<p>Prime the pen to remove air from the needle and insulin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant observed outcome of the Asheville Project concerning patients with diabetes?

<p>Lower health costs and missed fewer days of work/school. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key achievement demonstrated by the ImPACT Projects in relation to patients with dyslipidemia?

<p>84% of patients showed compliance with their therapy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In disease state management, what is one of the key roles of a pharmacist?

<p>To monitor disease progression and drug-related problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collaborative practice, how does a physician typically interact with a pharmacist?

<p>The physician refers patients to the pharmacist's clinic for specialized care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CLIA-waived point-of-care tests (POCT) in a community pharmacy?

<p>Early disease detection, medication management, and improved access to healthcare services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the regulatory requirements for a pharmacy to conduct CLIA-waived point-of-care tests?

<p>Pharmacies must obtain a CLIA Certificate of Waiver from the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services (CMS). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pharmacist failing to visualize the drug sale outlet as a commercial venture most likely to result in?

<p>A community pharmacy that is not sustainable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a potential consequence if limitations for the implementation of professional pharmacy services are not addressed?

<p>The underutilization of pharmacist expertise and reduced innovation in healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes are necessary to address grey areas in pharmacy?

<p>Revisions to curriculum, laws, and practice models. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pharmacies focus on to facilitate positive change in norms?

<p>Credibility and viability by offering professional services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the focuses of social pharmacy as a research discipline?

<p>The relationship between pharmacy, the pharmacist and the patient in terms of patient and medication-related outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area does administrative pharmacy primarily focus on?

<p>The management, planning, and organization of pharmacy services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overseeing daily pharmacy operations and workflow optimization falls under which key area of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Pharmacy Management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ensuring adherence to laws, policies, and regulations governing pharmacy practice is related to which area of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Regulatory Compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of administrative pharmacy involves managing pharmaceutical supply chains and drug formulary development?

<p>Healthcare Policy &amp; Drug Distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of administrative pharmacy includes cost-effectiveness analysis and insurance handling?

<p>Financial Management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hiring, training, and supervising pharmacy personnel falls under which area of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Human Resource Management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implementing protocols to minimize medication errors is a key activity within which area of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Quality Assurance &amp; Patient Safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Managing pricing, promotions, and sales strategies in retail and hospital pharmacy settings primarily falls under which area of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Pharmaceutical Marketing &amp; Business Development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilizing technology to enhance medication management and electronic health records relates to which aspect of administrative pharmacy?

<p>Pharmacy Informatics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Community Pharmacy

Interface between public, consumer/patient and a retail facility providing pharmaceutical and health-related needs under pharmacist supervision.

Community Pharmacy Definition

A pharmacy which provides healthcare services to a specific community, offering patient counseling and chronic disease management.

Retail Pharmacy Definition

A pharmacy that primarily focuses on selling medications and health-related products; driven by sales.

Community Pharmacy Services

Dispensing medications, medication therapy management, health screenings, vaccinations and patient education

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Retail Pharmacy Services

Drug dispensing often with limited clinical services

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Pharmacist Role in Community Pharmacy

Actively involved in patient counseling, medication adherence, and chronic disease monitoring.

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Pharmacist Role in Retail Pharmacy

Focuses on sales, prescription filling, and limited patient interaction.

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Ownership of Community Pharmacy

Can be independently owned, or part of a healthcare facility.

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Ownership of Retail Pharmacy

Often part of a larger retail chain, franchise, or corporate business.

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Patient Interaction in Community Pharmacy

High level of interaction with patients, providing personalized healthcare advice.

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Patient Interaction in Retail Pharmacy

Less emphasis on patient consultation, more transactional interactions.

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Regulation of Community Pharmacy

Requires licensing as a healthcare provider, following strict pharmacy regulations.

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Regulation of Retail Pharmacy

Operates under general retail business laws, with some pharmacy-specific regulations.

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Drug Use Areas

Areas in society where drugs are used. Health systems practice or community pharmacy.

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Retailers

A member of society/consumer who directly interacts with the retailer

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Community Pharmacy (Beyond Prescriptions)

More than just filling prescriptions, it includes research and documentation

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Community Pharmacy Defined

A hybrid concept, blending clinical knowledge, management skills, and communication abilities to address patient queries and education.

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The Conflict

A pharmacist as a manager is conceived by an investor whereas a pharmacist conceives his role as a service provider.

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Pharmacist Roles

A pharmacist can act as a Qualified Person/Licensee, manager, shift manager, intern/apprentice, observer, or owner/investor.

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Community Pharmacy Importance

Crucial tool for improving health indicators through promotion, disease management, and public health awareness.

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Compounding

Pharmaceutical care which includes compounding is done for diverse dosage forms, or when special drugs are needed.

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Pharmaceutical Care

Includes counseling, Drug Utilization Reviews (DUR), disease stage management and drug monitoring; to improve standards of patient treatment.

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Classical Paradigm for Drug Usage

Drug allergy, drug interactions, and contraindications.

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Additionally

Accuracy in dispensing, storage information, risks and benefits, missed doses, and ADR management, as well as assessing patient understanding.

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Contemporary

Appropriateness of entire pharmacotherapy care plan with pharmacogenomic considerations.

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Public Health

Rational drug use, poisoning prevention, smoking cessation, and chronic disease management.

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Asheville Project

Improving the health of diabetic patients through patient education, clinical assessment, monitoring, follow-up, and referral.

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ImPACT Projects

Achieving clinical goals by improving patient persistence and compliance with therapy. Patients lowering cholesterol

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Collaborative Practice

Pharmacist is a driving force in decision making, runs clinic and does medication care planning, under collabrative agreement with doctors who refer patients

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CLIA-Waived POCT

Pharmacist must conduct tests, interpret results, provide counsel, recommend therapy, and refer patients, and be certified by CMS.

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Pharmacist

Fails to visualize the drug sale outlet as a commercial venture, does not take retail pharmacy as his willfully opted career, escapes from the responsibilities as manager

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CLIA-Waived Point-of-Care Tests (POCT)

Simple diagnostic tests with a low risk of incorrect results, performed in community pharmacies under a CLIA waiver.

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Limitations for Implementation

Absence of model settings, fear of autonomy, lack of career development.

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Grey Areas

Drug-shortages, refills, ambiguous prescriptions.

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Social Pharmacy

The endeavor to integrate drugs into a broader perspective and contribute to the safe and rational use of drugs.

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Administrative Pharmacy

A branch of pharmacy that focuses on the management, planning, and organization of pharmacy services in healthcare settings.

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Pharmacy Management

Overseeing daily pharmacy operations, inventory control, staff management, and workflow optimization.

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Regulatory Compliance

Ensuring adherence to laws, policies, and regulations governing pharmacy practice.

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Healthcare Policy & Drug Distribution

Managing pharmaceutical supply chains, drug formulary development, and hospital purchasing decisions.

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Financial Management

Budgeting, reimbursement policies, cost-effectiveness analysis, and insurance handling.

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Human Resource Management

Hiring, training, and supervising pharmacy personnel, including pharmacists and technicians.

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Study Notes

Community Pharmacy Definition

  • Interface between public/consumer/patient and a retail facility.
  • Enables consumers to access pharmaceutical and health-related needs from trained staff.
  • Personnel operates under pharmacist supervision.
  • It represents a pharmacist-patient interface and an inevitable interaction in healthcare.
  • Reaches an overwhelming number of people, ideal for designing PHI (Protected Health Information).

Synonyms for Community Pharmacy

  • Chemist and Druggist Shop
  • Drug Store
  • Pharmacy
  • Medical Store
  • Retail Pharmacy

Community vs. Retail Pharmacy

  • Community Pharmacy provides healthcare services to a specific community.
  • Community Pharmacy often offers patient counseling and chronic disease management.
  • Retail Pharmacy is a commercial pharmacy focused on selling medications/health products.
  • Community Pharmacies are usually in residential areas.
  • Retail Pharmacies are found in shopping malls.
  • Community Pharmacy dispenses medications, manages medication therapy, offers health screenings and vaccinations, and provides patient education.
  • Retail Pharmacy primarily dispenses drugs with limited/no clinical services.
  • Pharmacist roles entails patient counseling, medication adherence, and chronic disease monitoring while in retail roles centers around sales, prescription filling, and limited patient interaction.
  • Community Pharmacy can be independently owned or part of a healthcare facility.
  • Retail Pharmacy are often chain, franchise, or corporate businesses,
  • Community Pharmacy has high patient interaction, providing personalized healthcare advice.
  • Retail Pharmacy has less emphasis on patient consultation, focusing on transactional interactions.
  • Community Pharmacy requires licensing as a healthcare provider,.
  • Retail Pharmacy operates under general retail business laws, with some pharmacy-specific regulations.

Drug Use Areas in Society

  • Health Systems Pharmacy involves pharmacists, physicians, health care professionals, and patients.
  • Community Pharmacy involves pharmacists, patients/consumers and the public.

Community Pharmacy: Business Concept

  • Community Pharmacy is a retailer with direct interaction with the society/consumer
  • As such, is an advanced role involving greater responsibility, is more than a business transaction.

Community Pharmacy Transformation

  • Community Pharmacy joins professional transformation from service to care:

Community Pharmacy - Beyond Prescription Filling

  • Community Pharmacy is more than prescription filling.
  • Involves compounded pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical care Pharmaceutical care is a recent advancement in pharmacy practice.
  • Research and documentation helps for a improved practice.

Community Pharmacy Characteristics

  • They are hybrid concepts with well-developed skills.
  • Clinical knowledge and management skills
  • Communication skills
  • These are the source of queries, advice, and education,
  • Prescription drugs
  • OTC (Over the Counter) drugs
  • They give access to health care supplies and medical equipment

The Conflict in Community Pharmacy

  • Investors may view pharmacists as managers.
  • Pharmacists may see their roles as service providers.

Management of the Pharmacy

  • Includes Inventory Management
  • Also includes human Resource Management
  • Financial Management
  • The investor primarily concerned with these

PR Aspects

  • QA and professional role and Documentation (important to Regulatory inspectors)
  • Professional satisfaction, Societal role of pharmacy profession
  • Ethical concerns, which falls within the responsibilities of the staff members.

Pharmacist Roles

  • Qualified Person/Licensee
  • Manager
  • Shift Manager
  • Intern/apprentice
  • Observer
  • Owner/Investor
  • The more interest at stake, the better pharmacists understand pharmacy functioning and sustainability.

Importance of Community Pharmacy

  • Important tool for improving health indicators.
  • Including health promotion
  • Disease Management State and Drug Monitoring
  • Public health awareness and heath education
  • Drug Information
  • Poison Control

A Credible Concept

  • The Community Pharmacy represents a relationship, not just a business transaction
  • It can change the face of healthcare in Pakistan.

Focus of Professional Services

  • Compounding: addressing why, who needs it, and the art/science of compounding while following USP. (i.e. Good Compounding Practices)
  • Addresses diverse dosage forms and special drugs/populations

Pharmaceutical Care Aspects

  • Counseling
  • DUR (Drug Utilization Reviews)
  • Disease stage management
  • Drug Monitoring
  • Collaborative practice agreements
  • Must adhere to OBRA 90 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990), requiring that a minimum level of pharmaceutical care is performed with every prescription.

Classical Paradigm

  • Focuses on drug and dose appropriateness for patients
  • Also drug allergies and drug interactions
  • Also contraindications
  • Dose scheduling

Additional Considerations

  • Assurance of dispensing and labeling accuracy.
  • Storage information and potential risks/benefits.
  • Advice on missed doses and ADR's (Adverse Drug Reactions)
  • Assessment of the patients understanding

Contemporary Aspects

  • Appropriateness of entire pharmacotherapy care plan.
  • Pharmacogenomic considerations
  • Monitoring of results of Pharmacotherapy care plan.

Public Health Aspects

  • Rational use of drugs
  • Poisoning prevention
  • Epidemiological control
  • Smoking cessation services
  • Emergency Hormonal Contraception
  • Prevention and management of drug abuse, misuse, and addiction
  • Healthy eating and lifestyle advice
  • Chronic Disease Management (Priming an insulin pen, B.P and BGC monitoring)
  • Infection control and prevention
  • Minor Ailments Schemes

Asheville Project

  • Involved 12 Pharmacies and 85 Diabetes Patients
  • Stated in March 1997
  • Compared to a control group, the Asheville Project included pharmacy services that had a lower health cost
  • Patient Education and training
  • Clinical Assessment, plus referral
  • Monitoring combined with follow-up, missed fewer days
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