Podcast
Questions and Answers
What should program resources focus on during the Epidemiological, Behavioural, and Environmental Assessment phase?
What should program resources focus on during the Epidemiological, Behavioural, and Environmental Assessment phase?
- Factors that are expensive to change
- Factors that are most important and modifiable (correct)
- Factors that are less relevant to the community's needs
- Factors that only involve institutional policies
Which of the following activities is essential for gerontology nursing staff to assess community needs?
Which of the following activities is essential for gerontology nursing staff to assess community needs?
- Conducting interviews exclusively with medical staff
- Ignoring the input of nursing home residents
- Assessing the community's capacity and readiness to change (correct)
- Relying solely on personal opinions of staff
Who should be involved in the information gathering process for assessing community needs?
Who should be involved in the information gathering process for assessing community needs?
- Only family members of residents
- Nursing home residents who smoke and other stakeholders (correct)
- Community members outside the nursing home
- Only nursing home staff
What is one method that can be used to engage nursing home residents in the assessment process?
What is one method that can be used to engage nursing home residents in the assessment process?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended information gathering method mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended information gathering method mentioned?
What is the primary focus of the project mentioned in the applied example?
What is the primary focus of the project mentioned in the applied example?
Which model was utilized to guide the development of interventions in the project?
Which model was utilized to guide the development of interventions in the project?
What was a key method used in the planning and implementation of the interventions?
What was a key method used in the planning and implementation of the interventions?
What outcome did the project significantly enhance through its interventions?
What outcome did the project significantly enhance through its interventions?
What type of study is mentioned as a case study in the project?
What type of study is mentioned as a case study in the project?
What is the primary goal of the program mentioned?
What is the primary goal of the program mentioned?
Which type of objective focuses on the expected results of a program?
Which type of objective focuses on the expected results of a program?
What does the 'S' in SMART objectives stand for?
What does the 'S' in SMART objectives stand for?
Which level of theory is most appropriate for addressing predisposing factors?
Which level of theory is most appropriate for addressing predisposing factors?
What type of objectives focuses on the activities that need to be completed?
What type of objectives focuses on the activities that need to be completed?
Which factor is associated with community and organizational change theories?
Which factor is associated with community and organizational change theories?
What characteristic must objectives have to be categorized as time-sensitive?
What characteristic must objectives have to be categorized as time-sensitive?
In the context of enhancing community support, which strategy is suggested for interpersonal-level reinforcing factors?
In the context of enhancing community support, which strategy is suggested for interpersonal-level reinforcing factors?
What is the primary focus of Phase 3 in the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework?
What is the primary focus of Phase 3 in the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework?
Which type of factors provides motivation for a behavior according to the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework?
Which type of factors provides motivation for a behavior according to the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework?
What role do reinforcing factors play in the behavior change process?
What role do reinforcing factors play in the behavior change process?
Which of the following is classified as an enabling factor that aids in achieving behavioral change?
Which of the following is classified as an enabling factor that aids in achieving behavioral change?
In the context of reducing blood-borne infections among IDUs, which factor should be prioritized for its importance and changeability?
In the context of reducing blood-borne infections among IDUs, which factor should be prioritized for its importance and changeability?
What are the objectives in Phase 3 primarily formulated based on?
What are the objectives in Phase 3 primarily formulated based on?
Which of the following describes the role of predisposing factors in health behaviors?
Which of the following describes the role of predisposing factors in health behaviors?
What is a key aspect of enabling factors concerning behavioral change?
What is a key aspect of enabling factors concerning behavioral change?
What was the primary aim of the physical activity intervention mentioned?
What was the primary aim of the physical activity intervention mentioned?
Which model was used as a framework for the occupational physical activity intervention?
Which model was used as a framework for the occupational physical activity intervention?
What was one of the documented outcomes after the 12-week physical activity intervention?
What was one of the documented outcomes after the 12-week physical activity intervention?
How was the effectiveness of the inclusive environment initiative measured?
How was the effectiveness of the inclusive environment initiative measured?
Which population was targeted in the effort to create an inclusive environment at the shopping center?
Which population was targeted in the effort to create an inclusive environment at the shopping center?
What evaluation method was NOT used in assessing the inclusive environment project?
What evaluation method was NOT used in assessing the inclusive environment project?
What is one of the benefits of using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in health interventions?
What is one of the benefits of using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in health interventions?
What type of workers are at a higher risk for obesity and often lack workplace health promotion resources?
What type of workers are at a higher risk for obesity and often lack workplace health promotion resources?
What does the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework begin with?
What does the Precede-Proceed Planning Framework begin with?
Which phase focuses on evaluating the impact of an intervention?
Which phase focuses on evaluating the impact of an intervention?
What is important to prioritize when using the Precede-Proceed framework?
What is important to prioritize when using the Precede-Proceed framework?
Which health behavior theory is implemented at the individual level in the framework?
Which health behavior theory is implemented at the individual level in the framework?
In which phase of the Precede-Proceed model are community needs and genetic factors assessed?
In which phase of the Precede-Proceed model are community needs and genetic factors assessed?
What do the reinforcing factors in the framework primarily influence?
What do the reinforcing factors in the framework primarily influence?
What should the development of a health program be guided by in the Precede-Proceed model?
What should the development of a health program be guided by in the Precede-Proceed model?
Which of the following is an example of an enabling factor in the Precede-Proceed framework?
Which of the following is an example of an enabling factor in the Precede-Proceed framework?
In the case study of smoking cessation among older Canadians, what was identified as a significant problem?
In the case study of smoking cessation among older Canadians, what was identified as a significant problem?
What role does the administrative and policy assessment phase play in the Precede-Proceed model?
What role does the administrative and policy assessment phase play in the Precede-Proceed model?
Flashcards
Modifiable factors
Modifiable factors
Important factors in a program that can be changed
Community Assessment
Community Assessment
Involving the community, evaluating their needs, and their ability to change
Smokers' perception
Smokers' perception
Understanding how smokers view smoking and its risks
Risk factors assessment
Risk factors assessment
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Involving stakeholders
Involving stakeholders
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Precede-Proceed Framework
Precede-Proceed Framework
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Phase 1: Social Assessment
Phase 1: Social Assessment
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Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment
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Phase 3: Educational & Ecological Assessment
Phase 3: Educational & Ecological Assessment
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Phase 4: Administrative & Policy Assessment
Phase 4: Administrative & Policy Assessment
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Phase 5: Implementation
Phase 5: Implementation
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Phase 6: Process Evaluation
Phase 6: Process Evaluation
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Phase 7: Impact Evaluation
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation
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Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation
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Health Belief Model
Health Belief Model
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Phase 3: Education and Ecological Assessment
Phase 3: Education and Ecological Assessment
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Predisposing Factors
Predisposing Factors
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Reinforcing Factors
Reinforcing Factors
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Enabling Factors
Enabling Factors
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Example: Reducing Blood-Borne Infections
Example: Reducing Blood-Borne Infections
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Prioritizing Factors
Prioritizing Factors
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Objective Formulation
Objective Formulation
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What are the goals of a program?
What are the goals of a program?
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What are SMART objectives?
What are SMART objectives?
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Process objectives
Process objectives
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Outcome objectives
Outcome objectives
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Short-term, Intermediate, and Long-term objectives
Short-term, Intermediate, and Long-term objectives
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Healthcare Workers & Sedentary Behavior
Healthcare Workers & Sedentary Behavior
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PRECEDE-PROCEED Model & Physical Activity
PRECEDE-PROCEED Model & Physical Activity
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Intervention Goal
Intervention Goal
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Intervention Outcomes
Intervention Outcomes
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Inclusive Environment
Inclusive Environment
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Accessibility & Inclusivity
Accessibility & Inclusivity
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Community Feedback
Community Feedback
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Living Lab
Living Lab
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PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
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Community Stakeholders
Community Stakeholders
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Study Notes
Introduction to Program Planning
- Course: POH705, School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University
- Week: 11
Lesson Objectives
- Explore the PRECEDE-PROCEED planning framework
- Understand how the framework can be used to develop a health education program.
- Inform health educators on how to plan an efficient program.
Imagine, as a health educator
- A problem has been identified, and action is needed.
- Applying health behavior theories is crucial for effective program design and delivery.
- The PRECEDE-PROCEED framework provides a structure for applying theories into programs.
- It is a tool for designing, implementing and evaluating health education/promotion programs.
The PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Framework
- PRECEDE is the diagnostic phase (identifying the problem/need).
- Educational diagnosis precedes the intervention plan.
- Interventions are planned to meet demonstrated needs.
- PROCEED is the intervention/implementation phase focused on social determinants influencing health behaviours.
- Participation of the target audience is important in defining the problem, goals and solutions.
PRECEDE and PROCEED
- PRECEDE:
- P - Predisposing
- R - Reinforcing
- E - Enabling
- C - Constructs in
- E - Educational
- D - Diagnosis
- E - Evaluation
- PROCEED:
- P - Policy
- R - Regulatory
- O - Organizational
- C - Constructs in
- E - Educational
- E - Environmental
- D - Development
The Precede-Proceed Planning Framework: Overview
- The framework works backwards, starting with the health outcome to diagnose effective intervention strategies.
- It involves prioritizing targets, and identifying measurable objectives.
Precede-Proceed Planning Framework (Diagram)
- The diagram illustrated various phases with connections between them (e.g., Phase 1 Social Assessment connects to Phase 2 Epidemiological, Behavioral, and Environmental Assessment).
- It shows relationships between phases.
Case Study: Smoking Cessation Program for Older Canadians in Nursing Homes
- Developed to address high rates of smoking among older adults in nursing homes.
- Used PRECEDE-PROCEED model to guide program development.
- Based on health behavior theories (e.g., Health Belief Model, Social Learning).
What is the first step in developing a program?
- Analyzing the needs and understanding of the community.
Phase 1: Social Assessment, Participatory Planning, and Situation Analysis
- Emphasizes broad participation to gain a comprehensive understanding of community aspirations.
- Multiple data collection activities (e.g., community forums, focus groups, surveys, key informant interviews, secondary data analysis).
- Identification of community perceptions, needs, challenges, capacity, strengths, resources, and readiness to change is essential.
- Identifying key stakeholders, like advisory council members, educators, and youth, is important.
How do we engage and collect this info?
- Planning committees
- Community forums
- Focus groups
- Surveys
- Key Informant interviews
- Secondary data analysis (e.g. StatsCan, population health assessments)
Example of Community-Engaged Planning
- Community-based research often starts with needs assessments in order to identify community priorities.
- Includes using digital tools alongside participatory methods.
Example: Needs Assessment with Ile-X
- Identification of priority areas for community health (e.g., COVID-19, climate change, mental health, food security).
- The methods used for this example are focus groups, key informant interviews.
- Identifying community perceptions, needs, desires, relevance, timing of issues, capacity, strengths, resources, readiness to change, determining who can lead, and identification of possible resources and existing infrastructure are important for community-based assessment.
PHASE 2: Epidemiological, Behavioural and Environmental Assessment
- Identifying health priorities.
- Determining factors influencing health priorities.
- Translating priorities to measurable objectives and creating program focus.
- Classifying factors as distal, proximal, or intermediate.
- Understanding how social and environmental factors influence health outcomes.
- Using secondary data and may require collection of primary data.
PHASE 3: Education and Ecological Assessment
- Identifies precursors and reinforcing factors for desired or undesired behavior change.
- Identifying predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors.
- Formulates objectives based on priorities.
Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling factors
- Predisposing: antecedents related to motivation.
- Reinforcing: factors that influence behavior repetition.
- Enabling: antecedents that facilitate or hinder behavioral change.
What theories are relevant for Phase 3?
- Individual-level theories (e.g., Health Belief Model)
- Interpersonal-level theories (e.g., Social Cognitive Theory)
- Community/Organizational theories (e.g., Organization Change Theories).
Goal of the Program
- Broad general statements describing goals and objectives.
- Provides direction and focus for objectives.
- Defines the scope.
SMART Objectives
- Specific
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Realistic
- Time-sensitive
2 Types of Objectives
- Process objectives: Focus on activities completed within a set amount of time.
- Outcome objectives: Define expected results, answering who, what, where and when.
- Short-term objectives.
- Intermediate-term objectives
- Long-term objectives.
Case Study: PHASE 3
- Identify Contributing factors to smoking rates.
- Identify encouraging factors that either support or discourage smoking.
- Recognize Barriers and Facilitators to smoking.
Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Factors (in smoking cessation)
- Predisposing: Attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, personal preferences, skills of smokers and other staff.
- Reinforcing: Organizational, social, psychological, economic, and cultural factors that influence smoking rates in nursing homes.
- Enabling: Motivations, environmental factors that influence smoking behaviour.
Case Study: PHASE 5-8
- Identifying interventions based on policy and administrative diagnoses.
- Identifying desired individual and community-level interventions (e.g., smoke cessation counseling, prevent second-hand smoke).
PHASE 4: Administrative and Policy Assessment
- Selecting and aligning program components based on priorities and goals (determined by prior assessments).
- Prioritization of determinants of change.
- Identifying resources, organizational barriers/facilitators, and policies needed for implementation.
- Determining the level of alignment between assessment of these factors and selection of interventions.
Macro level interventions
- Interventions aimed at predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors.
- Includes individual, peers, and family influences on behavior change.
- Examples include media, counselling and advocacy.
Case Study PHASE 4 (Resource/Materials Needed for a Smoking Cessation Program)
- Human resources: nurses, behavioral therapists, addiction specialists, smoking cessation consultants.
- Material resources: pamphlets, lecture rooms, and medical supplies.
- Potential Barriers: (e.g., lack of resources, administration).
- Potential facilitators: (e.g., community support).
PHASE 5-8: Implementation and Evaluation
- Process evaluation: How a smoking cessation program is enacted (following protocols).
- Impact evaluation: Assessing changes in predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors, as well as in behavioral and environmental factors (e.g., smoking rates, exposure to smoke).
- Outcome evaluation: Determining the effect of the program on health and quality of life indicators.
- Includes formative, process, impact, and outcome evaluation.
Applied Examples
- Diabetes Management: Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for identifying health management strategies.
- Physical Activity Intervention: Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for tailoring and evaluating community-based interventions.
- Creating an inclusive environment: A living-lab case study applied the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to develop and evaluate an inclusive environmental program.
- Provides examples of applying the framework and potential outcomes.
- Includes specific outcome measures (e.g., changes in blood glucose levels, measures of physical activity, and inclusivity, measures through surveys and community feedback).
Canadian Best Practices Portal
- Resources for planning and evaluating programs.
- (URLs provided)
Final Exam:
- December 4.
- Consult the D2L announcements for exam details.
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