Community Interpreting Services

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of community interpreters in healthcare institutions?

To facilitate communication between patients and healthcare professionals (correct)

To resolve cultural conflicts between patients and healthcare professionals

To translate medical documents

To provide emotional support to patients

What skill is crucial for community interpreters to possess besides language skills?

Cultural conflict resolution

Knowledge of medical terminology

Discursive competence

Intercultural nuance (correct)

What is the term used to describe the process of facilitating communication between people from different cultural backgrounds?

Language and culture brokering

Linguistic and cultural mediation (correct)

Cross-cultural communication

Intercultural mediation

What is the main difference between a community interpreter and an intercultural mediator?

Role in conflict resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of community interpreting in public services?

To enable access to services for people with limited language proficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of a community interpreter's role?

Understanding the limitations of their role Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by community interpreters in healthcare settings?

Overcoming language barriers in medical communication Signup and view all the answers

What is a key skill required for effective community interpreting?

Interpersonal sensitivity and nuance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of community-oriented interpreting?

Assisting individuals navigating local communities Signup and view all the answers

In which setting is intercultural communication particularly challenging?

Immigration hearings Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between community-oriented and business-oriented interpreting?

Cultural integration in communication Signup and view all the answers

What is dialogue interpreting according to the content?

Interpreter-mediated communication in spontaneous face-to-face interaction Signup and view all the answers

In which context is interpreting primarily used to facilitate communication for individuals unfamiliar with the system?

Public service interpreting Signup and view all the answers

Why do community interpreting services become more necessary?

Due to an increase in migration movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of dialogue interpreting in healthcare settings?

Bridging cultural gaps in communication Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of community-oriented interpreting?

Bridging cultural gaps in local communities Signup and view all the answers

In triadic exchange, how many parties are involved?

Three parties, including the interpreter Signup and view all the answers

What is the presumption about the interpreter in dialogue interpreting?

The interpreter is presumed to be invisible Signup and view all the answers

In which context is cultural conflict resolution particularly important?

Business-oriented interpreting Signup and view all the answers

Why do interpreters need to be trained?

Because they need to develop their language expertise Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between public service interpreting and business-oriented interpreting?

Purpose of the interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical approach to interpreting in dialogue interpreting?

Waiting for a transition relevance point to interpret Signup and view all the answers

Which countries have a greater experience in the area of mediation?

USA, Australia, and Scandinavian countries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the three-way exchange in dialogue interpreting?

Triadic exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of simultaneous interpreting?

Providing a voice over with a short delay Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of facilitating communication between people from different cultural backgrounds in business settings?

Liaison interpreting Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of consecutive interpreting?

Taking notes to facilitate translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a liaison interpreter and a community interpreter?

Setting in which they work Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge of community interpreting in healthcare settings?

Balancing language expertise with cultural awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of community interpreting?

Providing language access in public services Signup and view all the answers

What is the key aspect of intercultural communication in community interpreting?

Cultural awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of facilitating communication between people from different cultural backgrounds in public services?

Community interpreting Signup and view all the answers

In conference interpreting, what is the typical direction of interpretation?

From the foreign language into the mother tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dialogue interpreting?

It is bidirectional, allowing for communication in both languages Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of interpretive mode used in a given situation?

The context and situation of the communication event Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of a participant who is not recognized as having a role in the communication event?

Unratified participant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the participation framework in interpreter-mediated events?

The recognition of the participant's status and role Signup and view all the answers

How does the interpreter's role affect their participation in the conversation?

The interpreter is a contributive participant, but not a ratified participant Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in interpreter-mediated events?

Addressing cultural differences and conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What is the key aspect of an interpreter's role in ensuring effective communication?

Their ability to facilitate cross-cultural understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is a community of practice?

A group of people that share the same purpose and knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What does LSP stand for?

Language for Specific Purposes Signup and view all the answers

Scientific English has its origins from the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century.

True Signup and view all the answers

______ is the outstanding feature in specialized languages.

Lexicon Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels with their descriptions:

Intraspecialistic level = From specialist to specialist in the same disciplinary field Interspecialistic level = From specialist to specialist across disciplinary fields Didactic/pedagogical level = From specialist to non-specialist Popular level = Intended for the largest audience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true about Necrotising fasciitis?

It has a mortality rate of 20.6% Signup and view all the answers

In specialised texts like those discussed, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the topic to fully comprehend the text.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the classic features of Language for Special Purposes (LSP)?

Terminologically dense, assumes reader familiarity with topic, densely informative Signup and view all the answers

LSP can be defined as a natural language typically used in a specific ____________ field for a functional or operational purpose.

technical Signup and view all the answers

Repetition is quite likely to occur in specialized texts.

True Signup and view all the answers

The greater part of lexis in the English language is comprised of non-technical languages.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration in forming terms from foreign words?

To underline the speaker’s membership of an exclusive community Signup and view all the answers

In specialized texts, there is likely to be a lower ratio of terms to core vocabulary (not many terms and a lot of core vocabulary).

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'trichotillomania' mean?

Trichotillomania is a condition where individuals compulsively pull out their hair. Signup and view all the answers

Lack of emotion, transparency, and conciseness are additional features of technical and scientific ____________.

lexis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a term?

Cork Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the scientific strategy of nominalization?

Prefer noun forms over verb forms for compact ways of describing or presenting a situation. Signup and view all the answers

Convert the verb 'Analyse' into a noun.

Analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with their corresponding nouns:

Assessment = Assess Creation = Create Establishment = Establish Response = Respond Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive/informative texts generally contain a higher number of verbs compared to specialized texts.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in nominalization between the specialized text [A] and the more informative text [B]?

Content of mineral ions Signup and view all the answers

What word formation mechanism is at work in the term 'hypothermia'?

Semantic adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What word formation mechanism is at work in the term 'ozone layer'?

Conversion Signup and view all the answers

What word formation mechanism is at work in the term 'travail' as in 'travail childbirth'?

Compounding Signup and view all the answers

What word formation mechanism is at work in the term 'xenotransplantation'?

Affixoid Signup and view all the answers

What word formation mechanism is at work in the term in 'joystick', 'gamepad', 'joypad'?

Borrowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the noun of the verb 'costing' in the context provided?

cost Signup and view all the answers

More research is needed to identify the neurobiological factors most critical in the treatment of these individuals. A need for ________ is emphasized in this statement.

further research Signup and view all the answers

Which type of verbs have a reduced semantic load according to the text?

Empty verbs Signup and view all the answers

Nominalization is considered one of the strategies for depersonalization in scientific writing. Is this statement true?

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern related to artificial light?

The concern is that the emission levels of some lamps could be harmful for the skin and the eyes, disrupt the human body clock and hormonal system, and cause health problems. Signup and view all the answers

Which components of light have the greatest potential to cause harm?

Ultraviolet and blue components Signup and view all the answers

When do we use the passive voice in everyday life?

when you are more interested in the action than in the person or thing performing the action Signup and view all the answers

What does the passive voice do?

Buries the active individual Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is recommended to 'energize your scientific writing'?

using the active form Signup and view all the answers

Is the first-person plural common in scientific English due to the nature of team publications?

True Signup and view all the answers

Road traffic crashes result in the deaths of approximately 1.35 million people around the world each year and leave between 20 and 50 million people with ______ injuries.

non-fatal Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death for young adults aged 25-29?

Road accidents Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of road traffic deaths occur among young males under 25 years?

73% Signup and view all the answers

Desalination is a process commonly used to remove excess salt from seawater.

True Signup and view all the answers

The evaporation methods of desalination require _____ amounts of energy compared to other methods.

less Signup and view all the answers

Match the following modals with their typical uses:

Can = Expresses possibility and prediction May = Used for recommendations or obligations Must = Expresses recommendations or obligations Need = Urge somebody to do something Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Public Service/Community Interpreting

Definition: Oral and signed communication that enables access to services for people who have limited proficiency in the language of such services (ISO 13611: 2014)

Community Interpreters

Assist people who do not speak the societal language or do not speak it well enough to access services
Services include schools, universities, community centers, healthcare institutions, human and social services, faith-based events, and emergency contexts

Skills Required in Dialogue Interpreting

Discursive competence: language skills, interpreting techniques, and terminological knowledge
Professional quality: interpersonal sensitivity, intercultural nuance, and knowing one's role

Community Interpreter vs Mediator

Two overlapping professional figures in Europe: community interpreter and intercultural mediator
Terms "language and culture mediation", "linguistic and cultural mediator", and "intercultural mediator" are not clearly defined

Types of Dialogue Interpreting

Community-oriented interpreting (public service interpreting): focuses on getting things done locally in a given community
Business-oriented interpreting (escort interpreting): accompanying visitors, diplomats, and businessmen to meetings and negotiations

Characteristics of Dialogue Interpreting

Interpreter-mediated communication in spontaneous face-to-face interaction
Triadic exchange: a three-way exchange where each party, including the interpreter, is a full participant
Presumption of invisibility of the interpreter

Types of Interpreting

Simultaneous interpreting (voice over): short delay between what the speaker says and when the interpreter translates
Consecutive interpreting: takes notes, speaks after the speaker
Short-consecutive interpreting: takes notes, speaks after the speaker, but with shorter turns
Remote Simultaneous Interpreting (RSI)
Whispered interpreting
Liaison interpreting: interpreting for business or diplomacy

Language for Special Purposes (LSP)

LSP refers to a natural language used in a specific technical or disciplinary field for a functional or operational purpose, commonly within a given professional setting.
The major defining feature of LSPs is purpose, which is defined, delimited, and set out by a community of practice exercising within a specific professional domain.
A community of practice is a group of people that share the same purpose, have the same knowledge, and talk to each other, excluding non-experts.

Dimensions of Variation

Horizontal variation: different domains (e.g., medicine, law, business) with different specialized languages.
Vertical variation: different degrees of specialization (e.g., intraspecialist, interspecialist, didactic, popular) within a domain.

Characteristics of LSPs

Highly lexically dense with technical terms specific to the domain.
Syntactic and textual features also undergo variations, although to a lesser extent.
The language is used to achieve a specific purpose, such as transferring information or establishing rapport.

Examples of LSPs

Medical English: used in medical journals and by medical professionals to communicate with each other.
Cycling English: used in cycling reviews and by cycling enthusiasts to discuss technical aspects of cycling.

English as a Lingua Franca

English is widely used as a lingua franca, especially in international communities of professionals.
The United States has dominated scholarship, contributing to the widespread use of English in LSPs.

LSP Studies

LSP studies have been popular since the 1960s, with a focus on language variation, purpose, and context.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a subcategory of LSPs that focuses on language used in specific professional domains.

Academic English

Also known as English for Academic Purposes (EAP), it involves training students to use language appropriately for study.
It is a form of ESP that focuses on language used in academic settings.

Technical Terms

Terms are words that have specific meanings in a given domain.
Technical terms are used to label concepts and ideas in a specific domain.
The higher the density of terms, the more specialized the text and the more difficult it is to understand for non-experts.

Creating Technical Terms

There are rules to create new terms that sound plausible and technical.
Techniques used to invent new terms include using prefixes, suffixes, and combining words to create new words.### Specialized Language and Terminology
Specialized language, such as technical and scientific language, is characterized by a high density of terms and a prevalence of nouns over other parts of speech.
Terms are repeated in specialized texts to ensure clarity and avoid ambiguity.
Mono-referentiality is a key feature of specialized language, where one concept is represented by a single word or term.
Non-arbitrariness, non-ambiguity, productivity, sharedness, and artificiality are other key features of specialized language.

Lexical Features of ESP

Terms in ESP (English for Specific Purposes) are often formed from Latin and Greek roots, and are characterized by non-arbitrariness, mono-referentiality, and non-ambiguity.
Terms can be used across different fields with different meanings.
Sharedness and artificiality are important features of ESP terminology.

Technical and Scientific Lexis

Technical and scientific language tends to be concise, transparent, and conservative, once a term is established, it is not changed.
Lack of emotion is a key feature of technical and scientific language.
Word formation mechanisms, such as affixation, conversion, and compounding, are used to create new terms in technical and scientific language.

Word Formation Mechanisms

Affixation involves adding a morpheme to a base word to form a new term, such as prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
Conversion involves transforming a word into a different part of speech, such as verb to noun.
Compounding involves combining two or more base words to form a new term, such as "greenhouse" and "greenhouse effect".
Semantic redetermination involves taking a word from general vocabulary and giving it a specific meaning in a specialized domain.
Affixoids are elements that act like affixes but have more independent meaning, such as "pseudo" and "graphy".

Noun Phrases and Strings

Noun phrases or strings are used to condense complex meanings, such as "Kyoto environment pact" and "light-emitting zinc sulphide and copper material".
These constructions can be difficult to comprehend, especially if they are formed of three or more nouns in a row.
Understanding the relationships between the elements of a phrase is crucial for comprehension.### Word Formation
Post-modifiers: words that add extra information to a noun, often preceded by a preposition
Compound nouns: words that combine two nouns to create a new word
Loans and borrowings: words borrowed from other languages, can be integrated or non-integrated
Luxury borrowings: borrowed words used to increase prestige
Eponyms: words derived from people's names
Acronyms and initialisms: abbreviations formed from words

Nominalization

The process of transforming verbs into nouns
Common in specialized texts, particularly in scientific and technical language
Examples: "isolation" from "to isolate", "definition" from "to define"
Nominalization can make text more concise and objective, but may reduce clarity and subjectivity

Typical Features of Specialized Texts

High frequency of noun forms
Low frequency of verb forms
Use of nominalization to convey complex information
Objective tone
Examples:
- "The prediction of the trend of retail sales requires information such as an analysis of market demand and information about the company's demand."
- "The definition of business strategy is a long-term plan of action designed to reflect the achievement of a particular business goal."

Differences between Specialized and Non-Specialized Texts

Specialized texts: concise, objective, and formal, with a focus on conveying complex information
Non-specialized texts: more descriptive, informative, and narrative, with a focus on engaging the reader
Examples:
- Specialized text: "Until the late 1950s, the market for ready-to-eat breakfast cereal was relatively small, making its subsequent rapid growth one of the most dramatic success stories in modern advertising."
- Non-specialized text: "Before cereal, in mid-1800s America, breakfast was not all that different from other meals. Middle- and upper-class Americans ate eggs, pastries, and pancakes, but also oysters, boiled chickens, and beefsteaks."

Nominalization in Different Texts

Nominalization can be used to convey complex information in specialized texts
Non-specialized texts may use verbs to describe actions, whereas specialized texts use nouns to convey the same information
Examples:
- Specialized text: "Source water for desalination can be marine or brackish surface water or highly mineralized groundwater."
- Non-specialized text: "The water we use for desalination may be seawater or the brackish waters in estuaries and other surface waters or groundwater containing high concentrations of minerals."

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Test your knowledge of community interpreting services, which facilitate access to services for people with limited language proficiency. Learn about the role of community interpreters and the various settings they operate in.