Community Health Quiz

Community Health Nursing Study Guide

• Primary Focus: Focuses on populations, not individual patients.
• Key Influences: Health behaviors of community members are the primary driver of community health.
• Current Issues: Aging population and increased rates of chronic medical conditions.

Levels of Prevention

• Primary Prevention: Preventing illness through vaccination and health education.
• Secondary Prevention: Early detection and treatment through screening programs.
• Tertiary Prevention: Reducing the impact of established disease through rehabilitation.

Risk Factors

• Modifiable: Factors that can be changed, including smoking, diet, and exercise.
• Nonmodifiable: Factors that cannot be changed, such as age and genetics.

Food Deserts

• Defined as areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

Microscopic vs. Macroscopic Approach

• Microscopic: Focus on individuals or families.
• Macroscopic: Focus on populations, laws, and broader systemic changes.

Upstream Thinking

• Focuses on preventive measures to improve future population health.
• Examples: Federal grants for health promotion, taxing cigarettes, age limits on alcohol consumption, surgeon general warnings on alcohol use.

Health Disparities

• Differences in access to care and treatment outcomes among populations.

Ethical Principles

• Distributive Justice: Fair distribution of healthcare resources.

Health Promotion Theories

• Pender's Health Promotion Model: Explains why individuals choose specific health behaviors.
• Health Belief Model: Focuses on the perception of illness threat, seriousness, and benefits of action.
• Transtheoretical Model of Change (Stages of Change):
  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • (and other stages)

Important Figures in Public Health

• Lillian Wald: Founder of Henry Street Settlement, providing social services and healthcare in Manhattan.
• Florence Nightingale: Founder of modern nursing, impacting public health through sanitation and improvements in patient care.

Alcohol Use

• Standard Drink Equivalent: Understanding typical alcohol content in beverages.
• Risks: Short-term risks (accidents), versus long-term risks (liver disease).

Sleep Hygiene

• Promoting healthy sleep patterns and routines.

Epidemiological Concepts

• Epidemiological Triangle:
  • Host: Person affected by a disease
  • Agent: Cause of the disease (bacteria, virus)
  • Environment: Factors that allow the disease to spread.
• Prevalence: Total number of existing cases in a population at a given time.
• Incidence: Number of new cases over a specific period.

Nursing Process in Community Health

• ADPIE Method:
  • Assessment: Conducting community health needs assessments, interviewing community members.
  • Diagnosis: Identifying health-related issues
  • Planning: Creating SMART health goals.
  • Intervention: Using surveillance and health promotion strategies.
  • Evaluation: Measuring success compared to similar agencies.

Community Assessment Tools

• Windshield Survey: Observing a community to assess health needs.
• Vital Statistics: Records of births, deaths, marriages, and other health-relevant information.
• U.S. Census Bureau: Source of demographic data every 10 years.

Education in Community Health

• Health Literacy: Ability of patients to understand and use health information.
• Teaching to Adult Learners: Tailoring health education by understanding their life experiences and learning needs.
• Teach-back Technique: Ensuring understanding by asking the patient to repeat back the health information.
• Learning Styles: Recognizing various learning methods (visual, auditory, kinesthetic).

Participation and Assessment of Learning

• Participation: Gauge of whether education leads to behavior changes.
• Assessment of Learning: Long-term changes in knowledge and behavior showing educational success.

Key Legislation

• Hill-Burton Act: Increased the number of hospital beds in the U.S.

Physical Activity Recommendations

• Aerobic Activity: 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity.

Other Factors

• Attack Rate: Percentage of exposed individuals becoming ill.
• Mortality: Death rate.
• Morbidity: Rate of illness or disease.