Community Health Nursing Study Guide PDF

**Community Health Nursing Study Guide** **Primary Focus of Community Health** - Focus on **populations** rather than individual patients. **Key Influences on Community Health** - **Health behavior choices** of individuals living in the community have the most influence on a community's...

**Community Health Nursing Study Guide** **Primary Focus of Community Health** - Focus on **populations** rather than individual patients. **Key Influences on Community Health** - **Health behavior choices** of individuals living in the community have the most influence on a community's health. **Current Issues in U.S. Healthcare** - **Aging population** and increasing rates of **chronic medical conditions**. **Levels of Prevention** 1. **Primary Prevention**: Preventing the onset of illness (e.g., vaccination, health education). 2. **Secondary Prevention**: Early detection and treatment (e.g., screening programs). 3. **Tertiary Prevention**: Reducing the impact of established disease (e.g., rehabilitation). **Risk Factors** - **Modifiable**: Can be changed (e.g., smoking, diet, exercise). - **Nonmodifiable**: Cannot be changed (e.g., age, genetics). **Food Deserts** - Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food. **Microscopic vs. Macroscopic Approach** - **Microscopic**: Focus on individuals or families. - **Macroscopic**: Focus on populations, laws, and broader systemic changes (e.g., public health policies). **Upstream Thinking** - Focuses on preventive measures that affect future population health. Examples: - Federal grants for health promotion - Taxing cigarettes - Age limits on alcohol consumption - Surgeon General warnings on alcohol use during pregnancy **Health Disparities** - Differences in **access to care** and **treatment outcomes** among populations. **Ethical Principles** - **Distributive Justice**: Fair distribution of healthcare resources. **Health Promotion Theories** - **Pender's Health Promotion Model**: Explains why individuals engage in health behaviors, considering a multi-dimensional view of health. - **Health Belief Model**: Focuses on the perception of illness threat, seriousness, and benefits of action. - **Transtheoretical Model of Change (Stages of Change)**: - Precontemplation - Contemplation - Determination - Action - Relapse - Maintenance **Important Figures in Public Health** - **Lillian Wald**: Founder of Henry Street Settlement, which provided social services and healthcare in Manhattan. - **Florence Nightingale**: Founder of modern nursing, contributed to public health through sanitation and patient care improvements. **Alcohol Use** - **Standard drink equivalent**: Understanding typical alcohol content in beverages. - **Risks**: Short-term risks (e.g., accidents) vs. long-term risks (e.g., liver disease). **Sleep Hygiene** - Promoting healthy sleep patterns and routines to improve overall well-being. **Epidemiological Concepts** - **Epidemiological Triangle**: - **Host**: The person affected. - **Agent**: The cause of the disease (e.g., bacteria). - **Environment**: External factors that allow the disease to spread. - **Prevalence**: Total number of cases in a population at a given time. - **Incidence**: Number of new cases over a specific period. - **Attack Rate**: Percentage of exposed individuals who become ill. - **Mortality**: Death rate. - **Morbidity**: Rate of disease or illness. **Nursing Process in Community Health** - **ADPIE**: - **Assessment**: Conducting needs assessments, interviewing community members, analyzing vital statistics. - **Diagnosis**: Identifying health issues. - **Planning**: Creating SMART goals. - **Intervention**: Using surveillance and health promotion strategies. - **Evaluation**: Comparing results to similar agencies, measuring success of interventions. **Community Assessment Tools** - **Windshield Survey**: Observing a community's environment to assess health needs. - **Vital Statistics**: Records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. - **U.S. Census Bureau**: Collects demographic data every 10 years. **Education in Community Health** - **Health Literacy**: The ability of patients to understand and use health information. - **Teaching to Adult Learners**: Base content on their experiences and needs. - **Teach-back Technique**: Ensuring understanding by having the patient repeat the information in their own words. - **Learning Styles**: Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners. - **Participation**: A key indicator of whether education will lead to behavior change. - **Assessment of Learning**: Long-term changes in knowledge and behavior indicate success. **Key Legislation** - **Hill-Burton Act**: Increased the number of hospital beds in the U.S. **Physical Activity Recommendations** - **Aerobic Activity**: 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.