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Questions and Answers

What are the three major categories of environmental factors affecting health?

Cultural, environmental, and lifestyle

Social, biological, and lifestyle

Physical, biological, and socio-economic (correct)

Biological, chemical, and personal

In the ecological triad, which components are primarily involved?

Society, immunity, and chemical agents

Genetics, culture, and physical agents

Host, agent, and environment (correct)

Behavior, nutrition, and biological factors

Which of the following represents a biological agent of disease?

Cultural habits

Social attitudes

Viruses and bacteria (correct)

Natural or synthetic compounds

What is one of the key characteristics of intermediate factors in health?

They influence health based on culture and lifestyle. Signup and view all the answers

How do chemical agents contribute to disease causation?

They include gases and synthetic compounds that can harm health. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the role of the host in the ecological triad?

The host is a susceptible human entity that interacts with agents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the epidemiologic triangle in disease causation?

The interplay between the agent, host, and environment in health. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of outcome evaluation?

Measuring program effects in the target population Signup and view all the answers

What does impact evaluation primarily assess?

Long-term goals of the program effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes epidemiology?

The study of health-related states and their determinants in populations Signup and view all the answers

What are fomites in the context of health-related studies?

Objects that are easily contaminated by pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an inanimate reservoir?

Contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of weak routine immunization on younger children?

It led to larger immunity gaps against vaccine-preventable diseases. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) contribute to the government?

It publishes statistical information on various aspects of society. Signup and view all the answers

What main objective does the World Health Organization (WHO) aim to achieve?

To attain the highest possible level of health for all peoples. Signup and view all the answers

When was a National Dengue Alert declared by the Department of Health (DOH)?

July 2019 Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed regarding dengue incidence from January to June 2019 compared to 2018?

It was 85% higher. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a phenomenological community?

Members share common beliefs and interests. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Philippines Integrated Disease Surveillance & Response (PIDSR) system serve?

It reports and analyzes disease incidence across the country. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has seen a significant increase in incidence due to weak immunization?

Measles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

The occurrence and distribution of health conditions in populations Signup and view all the answers

What does herd immunity refer to?

The likelihood of a community developing an epidemic after exposure to an infectious agent Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the determinants of health?

Social, cultural, and economic factors alongside biological influences Signup and view all the answers

What does case definition entail?

Standard criteria for classifying individuals with specific health conditions Signup and view all the answers

What encompasses the environment in the context of health?

All external conditions affecting the development of organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a host?

The individual or organism that is susceptible to the disease Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the field of study known as epidemiology?

It relies heavily on quantitative data and statistical principles Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered part of the determinants of health?

Controllable environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym PRECEDE stand for?

Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the PROCEED model?

To implement and evaluate health programs based on community assessments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'predisposing factors'?

People's characteristics that motivate them toward health-related behavior Signup and view all the answers

How might surveys be used in the community according to the content?

As a means to assess and diagnose community health needs Signup and view all the answers

What might be an appropriate criteria for selecting the number of families to include in a survey?

Dependent on the total population and situation of the community Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of a tally sheet in community surveys?

To document data or manage records of surveys conducted Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?

Dr. Lawrence Green and colleagues Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology might some institutions utilize for their surveys?

Employing ready-made survey forms from various sources Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Community Health Nursing Key Concepts

Intermediate Factors: Characteristics affecting health are classified as biological (age, sex, immunity), behavioral (habits, culture), and social (attitudes, norms).
Disease Agent: Causes of disease can include biological agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses) and chemical or physical agents.
Environment Categories: Environment influences health and is categorized into physical, biological, and socio-economic factors.
Host: Refers to a susceptible human affected by health agents.

Ecological Triad

Multiple Theory of Disease Causation: Describes interactions between agents, hosts, and environments leading to disease.
Epidemiologic Triad: Simplest form showing the relationship between an external agent, susceptible host, and enabling environment for disease transmission.

Evaluation Types

Evaluation: Systematic assessment of program compliance and success.
Outcome Evaluation: Gauges the extent of program's accomplishment regarding intended results and measures effects in target populations.
Impact Evaluation: Assesses effectiveness in achieving ultimate goals through comparison of different groups or the same group over time.

Key Terminologies in Epidemiology

Epidemiology: Study of health-related states, their distribution, and determinants in populations for controlling health issues.
Fomites: Inanimate objects capable of harboring pathogens (e.g., contaminated air, soil, food).
Reservoirs: Inanimate environments where pathogens can spread (air, soil, water).

Health Statistics and Organizations

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA): Collects and publishes statistical data on various aspects of the Philippine society.
World Health Organization (WHO): A UN agency dedicated to global public health.

Recent Health Concerns

Dengue Incidence: Reported to be 85% higher in early 2019 than in 2018, prompting a National Dengue Alert by the Department of Health (DOH).
Vaccination Gaps: Decline in immunization coverage affecting susceptible populations, particularly children.

Additional Public Health Concepts

Case Definition: Standard criteria for classifying health conditions.
Determinants of Health: Factors influencing health include biological, chemical, social, and economic influences.
Herd Immunity: Probability of a community developing an epidemic when exposed to an infectious agent.
Host as Victim: The individual or group that might contract a disease.

Survey Methodology

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: Developed by Dr. Lawrence Green for community health program evaluation.
Predisposing Factors: Characteristics that motivate health-related behavior, including attitudes and beliefs.
Data Collection: Utilizes survey forms based on community needs to assess health behaviors and conditions.

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