Community Health

• Community health science aims to enhance population health via programs, policies, and services.

Health Education

• Health education in community health focuses on teaching healthy lifestyle choices and preventive measures.

Epidemiology

• Incidence in epidemiological studies refers to the number of new cases of a disease within a specific time frame.

Local Public Health Departments

• Local public health departments are responsible for implementing community-based health education programs.

Social Determinants of Health

• The availability of healthcare services is a social determinant of health.

Health Disparities

• Differences in socioeconomic status can contribute to health disparities in a community.

Environmental Factors

• Exposure to toxic chemicals in water and air represents an environmental factor affecting community health.

Balanced Diet

• A balanced diet reduces the likelihood of chronic diseases, like heart disease and diabetes.

Mental Health

• Access to mental health services and support groups is an effective strategy for promoting community mental health.

Health Policies

• Health policies can improve community health by ensuring fair and equal resource distribution.

Cultural Competency

• Cultural competency involves understanding and respecting cultural differences when providing health services.

Health Communication

• Effective health communication means providing clear, accessible information to the public on health issues.

Physiological Health

• Getting 7-9 hours of sleep each night is an example of maintaining physiological health.

Emotional Health

• The ability to cope with stress and manage emotions constructively is a key aspect of emotional health.

Social Health

• Having regular family dinners and strong relationships with friends exemplifies social health.

Intellectual Health

• Taking up new hobbies like painting or learning a language demonstrates intellectual health.

Financial Health

• Managing money through budgeting and saving for emergencies describes financial health.

Environmental Health

• Living in a clean and safe neighborhood with access to parks and green spaces promotes environmental health.

Wellness Dimensions

• Wellness dimensions are interconnected, with changes in one influencing the others.

Improving Emotional Health

• Practicing meditation to manage stress and improve emotional resilience can improve emotional health.

Overall Health Factors

• Overall health depends on a combination of physiological, emotional, social, financial, intellectual, and environmental factors.

Non-Environmental Health Factors

• Participating in community social activities is not considered an environmental health factor.

Cardiovascular Disease

• Smoking and high blood pressure are personal risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular Health Improvement

• Walking for 30 minutes, three times a week for the next month is a specific exercise plan to enhance cardiovascular health.

Stress

• Stress during a job interview is an example of eustress, which is considered positive stress.

Stress Management

• Engaging in regular mindfulness meditation is a recommended stress management technique for mental well-being.

Healthy Boundaries

• Saying 'no' to additional work when feeling overwhelmed is an example of setting a healthy personal boundary.

Work-Life Balance

• Prioritizing family time and personal activities while managing work responsibilities is an example of maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Heart Disease

• Heart disease is a non-communicable disease, a significant public health concern.

Malaria

• Malaria is a disease caused by a pathogenic microorganism.

HIV/AIDS

• Unprotected sexual contact is a risk factor for HIV/AIDS.

Diabetes

• Genetic predisposition and poor diet are nonpathogenic factors contributing to diabetes.

Pathogenic Diseases

• Pathogenic diseases poses increased risk of transmission leading to outbreaks.

Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 2 Diabetes is a nonpathogenic disease with a significant public health burden due to its association with lifestyle choices.

Influenza

• Influenza is a pathogenic disease that poses the greatest public health burden due to its contagious nature and global impact.

Mental Health Disorders

• Mental health disorders are a major public health burden associated with nonpathogenic diseases.

Economic Burden

• High economic costs due to absenteeism and disability is an economic burden resulting from individuals being unable to work due to health issues.

Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis is a pathogenic disease of major public health concern because of its long-term impacts and difficulty in treating chronic cases.

Hypertension

• Hypertension is a nonpathogenic disease contributing to the public health burden due to its connection with poor lifestyle choices.

Infectious Disease Genetics

• Studying the genetics of infectious diseases is a public health area requiring biological research to improve disease prevention and control.

Vaccination Programs

• Vaccination programs are developed by studying how pathogens interact with the human immune system to create effective vaccines.

Breast Cancer Detection

• Mammograms for breast cancer detection is an example of screening used to detect diseases of public health importance.

Herd Immunity

• Herd immunity occurs when vaccinations reduce susceptible individuals, hindering disease spread.

Not Typical Stages of Human Life

• Metamorphosis is not considered a typical stage of human life.

Maternal and Child Health

• Maternal and child health is a key indicator of a society's overall health, as high mortality rates can indicate inadequate access to healthcare, education, and proper nutrition.

Prenatal Care

• Prenatal care is healthcare provided to women during pregnancy, affecting maternal and child health outcomes.
• Includes medical check-ups and advice during pregnancy to ensure the health of both mother and baby.

Myths about Elderly

• Older adults cannot learn new things or adapt to technology is a common myth about the elderly.

Myths about Adolescents

• Adolescents are naturally rebellious and difficult to communicate with is a common myth about adolescents.

Morbidity in Adults

• Heart disease is a major cause of morbidity in adults (ages 18-64) in the United States.

Risk Factor for Cancer

• Physical inactivity is a risk factor for cancer.

Understanding Health Concerns

• Understanding health concerns of different age groups is important to allocate healthcare resources and tailor preventive measures for each group’s unique needs.

Chronic Diseases

• Adults (18-64 years) are the age group most at risk for developing chronic diseases in the United States.

Child Abuse and Neglect

• Children living in households with single parents, especially those experiencing financial hardship, are the population most at risk for child abuse and neglect in the United States.

Elder Abuse and Neglect

• Elderly individuals with chronic health conditions and limited mobility are the group most at risk for elder abuse and neglect in the United States.

Reporting Abuse

• A person must report suspected abuse to the appropriate authorities, such as child protective services or law enforcement.
• A report must be made to the appropriate authorities when abuse is suspected.
• Mandated reporters should report suspected elder abuse to Adult Protective Services or law enforcement.

Not Mandatory Reporting

• Only medical professionals are NOT required to report suspected abuse.
• Abuse should NOT only be reported if the child is in immediate danger only.
• A person does NOT need to have concrete evidence of abuse before reporting it.

Mental Health Care in the 20th Century

• Deinstitutionalization and the move toward community-based care was a significant change in the history of mental health care during the 20th century.

Schizophrenia

• Hallucinations and delusions are a key symptom of schizophrenia.

Depression

• Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest is the main characteristic of depression.

ADD vs ADHD

• Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) does not involve hyperactivity, while Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) does.

Mental Health Treatment

• Psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications are commonly used treatment methods for mental health disorders.

Bipolar Disorder

• Mood stabilizers are the common medication for bipolar disorder.

Reducing Stigma

• Encouraging open dialogue and education about mental health is one effective way to reduce stigma surrounding mental health disorders.

Mental Health Risk

• Adolescents and young adults are most at risk for developing mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.

Benefit of Psychotherapy

• It helps individuals identify and address the underlying causes of emotional distress

Harmful about physical symptoms relief

• It provides immediate physical relief from symptoms
• It focuses only on providing medication for mental health
• It eliminates the need for medication entirely

Myths about Mental Health

• Individuals with mental health disorders are violent or dangerous is a common myth about mental health disorders.

Illegal Substance Misuse

• Prescription painkillers used without a prescription is an illegal substance of misuse.

Effects of Alcohol Misuse

• Liver damage and cirrhosis is a physical effect of alcohol misuse.
• Heightened anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations is a psychological effect of methamphetamine misuse.

Substance Use Disorder Treatment

• Behavioral therapy, counseling, and support groups are a common treatment for substance use disorders.

National Resource

• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a national resource for substance misuse help.

Social Impact

• Increased rates of crime and violence is a social impact of substance misuse on communities.

Financial Impact

• Substance misuse leads to significant healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and legal expenses.

Epidemiology and Environmental Exposures

• Observational studies, such as cohort and case-control studies are the primary method in epidemiology for environmental exposures.

Toxicology and Environmental Chemicals

• Laboratory testing on animals to determine dose-response relationships is the primary method in toxicology for environmental chemicals.

Environmental Justice

• Ethical issues related to environmental health that disproportionately affect low-income and minority communities, such as air and water pollution.

Addressing Environmental Injustice

• Implementing stronger regulations on pollutant emissions is an effective strategy.
• Policies to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals is a best practice.

Population Growth

• Population growth increases demand for resources, leading to greater environmental degradation and health risks.

Environmental Policies

• Advocacy for policies that reduce pollution in low-income and minority communities.

Climate Change and Health

• Increased frequency of extreme weather events, leading to injuries and deaths.

Indoor Air Pollution

• Household products such as cleaning agents and paints can cause.

Outdoor Air Pollution

• Emissions from vehicles and factories can cause.

Types of Pollutants

• Primary pollutants are pollutants that are directly emitted from a source.
• Secondary pollutants are pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions between primary pollutants and other substances.
• Naturally occurring pollutants emitted directly into the atmosphere.
• Pollutants that form when primary pollutants interact with other compounds in the air.

Reducing Air Pollution

• Encouraging the use of air purifiers and proper ventilation is a best practice.
• Enforcing stricter vehicle emissions standards and industrial regulations is an effective policy.

Poor WASH Practices

• Lack of clean water sources, leading to waterborne diseases.

Poor Sanitation in Developing Countries

• Open defecation and inadequate sewage disposal is a key risk factor.

Improving WASH

• Providing communities with access to clean water and sanitation facilities is an effective intervention for improving.