SOCIOLIGUISTICS MODULE 1

Communicative Competence

• Defined as the revival of interest in language in its broadest sense
• It necessitates incorporating sociocultural factors into linguistic descriptions
• Dell Hymes first used the term in 1972
• Goes beyond Chomsky's notion of grammar internalization, emphasizing appropriateness
• Knowing when to speak, when to remain silent, what to discuss, and how to discuss it in different contexts is crucial

Language Defined

• Consists of words and grammar rules
• Words serve as symbols representing culturally relevant ideas and objects
• Determined by linguistic assignment, words lack inherent meaning
• Example uses of the letters "c-a-r" in English, the word "voiture" in French, "Wagen" in German, and "coche" in Spanish to symbolize an auto

Language Borrowing

• Languages borrow words
• An example would be primitive tribes that are exposed to autos may introduce the word for car into the lexicon
• The French adopted "bulldozer" from English, rather than use "boater" created by a government commission
• Language helps people interpret the world
• Language enables the cultural identity of a people

Modern Language Storage

• Enabled through the internet and multimedia like MP3s
• Languages can be stored on DVDs, VCDs, CDs, etc

Communicative Competence Shift

• New technologies influence communicative competence
• Global presence has impacted trends
• English music culture affects global teenagers using CNN International and MTV programs as vehicles

Spoken Language

• It relates to oral culture
• Can be seen in social structure constructed through verbal interaction
• Audio-visual programs transmitted via satellite provide up-to-date news

SMS Messages

• SMS, e-mail, and fax messages overcome the lack of interactivity, allowing responses to hosts
• Transforming messages into saved or printed formats occurs in MTV programs
• Young people can directly respond to spoken language, a recent possibility

Aulia Apriana Thesis (2003)

• Explores language mixing and switching in SMS messages at the State University of Malang
• Examines the factors influencing language choice in SMS
• Analyzes why Indonesian speakers mix or switch between Indonesian and English
• Enriches sociolinguistics, especially language mixing and switching studies
• Aims to broaden the understanding of language mixing and switching in SMS
• Employs descriptive qualitative research, analyzing 100 messages from November 1, 2002, to February 28, 2003
• Identifies conversation content, formality, participants, message effectiveness, and space limitation as mixing/switching influences
• Discovers nine reasons for Indonesian-English mixing/switching in SMS.
• Talking about a specific topic
• Emphasizing items
• Using fillers or connectors
• Clarifying repetitions
• Intending to clarify speech
• Identifying group speech
• Softening commands
• Fulfilling lexical need
• Making speech efficient
• Reveals that young Indonesians mix/switch languages in SMS when the setting is informal and to express group identity

Global English

• Satellite TV channels introduce English to homes, fostering a global audio-visual culture
• MTV is often credited with popularizing US English globally via music and culture
• Middle classes in South and Southeast Asia are exposed to US English through MTV, benefitting advertising companies
• The young generation who listens to MTV programs in both US English and their local language are known as the MTV generation

Impact of Language

• Advertisements of English language products show easy availability on the world market
• Programs like MTV 100% Indonesia indicate outreach beyond English-speaking audiences
• Global media uses English as news and entertainment for introducing programs in Indonesia
• Local languages are increasingly used in programming
• More languages are used at once, increasing multilingualism among young people
• The 20th century saw a more linguistically plural audio-visual language form emerge

Haugen's Language Definition

• Language can be a single linguistic norm or related norms

Language Specificity

• Certain words can be found in one language but not another
• Example: Many terms for snow among Eskimo people, varied terms for rice in Javanese
• The number of words indicates both the culture and environment it is spoken in

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

• Language influences people's worldview as people see, feel, think, and talk
• Example: Indonesian uses "siswa-siswi" to denote equality between male and female students
• People with more words for rice perceive the natural environment differently from English speakers
• Technology is improving understanding, people are better able to understand environmental conditions that are found in other areas

Words and Healthy Eating

• The words chosen are related to the new world‟s view of healthy food and responsible society.
• Raisin, banana, and apple muffin
• Whole meal self-raising flour
• 1 egg and 1 cup skim milk
• 2 tablespoons vegetable oil and a mashed banana
• Nutrition per muffin

Spoken vs Written Communications

• Participants carve out cultural space: verbal interactions define social roles
• Examines how social construction occurs specifically speech and writing
• Verbal dimension: Spoken medium is linked to the moment and audience perception of the event
• Spoken language's ephemeral nature is overcome through writing
• Technology: spatial extension overcomes time-linked communication

Speech and Writing

• Experiencing life before writing is difficult for literate individuals
• Morality is defined over the written word
• Writing and print transformed consciousness

Speech vs. Writing: Permanence

• Speech is transient, writing is permanent
• Interlocutors limited by restraints
• Writing can be stored, retrieved, recollected, and responses are delayed

Speech vs. Writing: Challenge

• Speech can receive immediate challenge
• Writing possesses more weight and prestige

Assumptions About Writing

• People can see the medium of writing is of the the utmost permanence

Speech as Additive

• Speech is additive or rhapsodic as speakers connect utterances
• Speakers use 'rhapsodize', and connect previous turns at talk
• Writing Information arrangement is hierarchical, linear
• High level of cohesion as likely to be read by those far away
• Short Message Service (SMS) forms have a different structure

Aggregative Speech

• Speech employs verbal aggregates, formulaic expressions, maintains contact with others
• Writing permits analysis due to lack of contact, and economy
• Writing fosters logical reasoning with time to read

Redundancy in Speech

• Copious language with frequent use of repetition due to the speaker being unsure whether the speakers are actively listening or not
• Writing avoids redundancy because it does not need the short term memory

Speech vs Grammer and Vocabulary

• Speech is grammatically loose-
• Writing are grammatically precise
• Speakers attend to situation
• Speech is characterized by pauses, hesitations, and unfinished sentences
• Writers pack in info, and use complex syntax phrases

Topic centric vs people centric

• Speech is people-centered because speakers focus on their audience
• Writing is topic focused
• Writers of expose are clear

Context Depedency

• Speech is context dependent
• Writing is context reduced
• Oral Truth is based on common sense
• Literate truth is based on logic

Continuum of Oration

• Both speech and writing should have a degree of literacy
• A lecture must be literate in a speech
• Memorandum should be orate in a written statement

Cognitive Skills

• Literacy is not inherent to a written medium
• There is nothing in writing that makes it suited to reason and intelligence

Linguistic Power

• Linking literacy with historical context as per the greek alphabet
• Technology is linked to dominate cultures

Defining Social Structure

• Discourse community is reflected, constructed, and perpetuated
• Members define social face and language experience

Language status

• What people say indicates status
• anchored in speaker perspective, evidenced
• social diexis and speech is used to see if speakers stand in time and space

French vs English

• You form is to be used at a distance
• thou form for close
• express position with Bill, Mister X and professor x
• vous between parents and children can index a generational culture
• English now wants to be seen as egailitatian

Terms of Address

• Indonesian people use"Bapak" for adult male and "Ibu" for adult female
• Casual Address:Casual you that is know as Anda
• In medical, Bapak and Ibu are more appropriate
• Bung was used to indicate a culture the that wanted to be egalitarian
• Bung is also used by members of Parliament

Modern Societies

• People try to revive camadarie
• egalitarian can be shown with no sign og bravad
• condition of past has certain meaning that will never been shown again

Changing Social Attitudes

• Usually the habit tastes and budget are very aware
• Places are café and bars
• Trend of eating at stately homes

Culinary Traditions

• French food is upscale and people with French food knowledge are brought up well
• The knowledge of french food is based on geography and upbringing

Activities

• Difference between 1 and 2Dary
• people interact on a regular intimate basis
• groups evaluate themselves

Group Etiquette

• Usually is emotional involve
• Form of labor union but non addicting
• Is non acceptable that is addicted from alcohol

Group Stress

• Society as the secondary group have the advertisement to overcome
• Mention any adds that you know the solve

Boundaries

• groups are distinguishable from social environment
• can be found with people of negro ancestry
• Formal memebership required

Changing Societies

• Societies no have discrimination on how to buy food
• Different kind of religion have a different foods
• people show themselves with various kind of dress
• A dyad is fragile while a triad has coalitions
• Conversation in 5 people is less likely to split

Conversation

• Conversation in 5 group is easy
• But for larger is difficult
• small seminars have more interaction

Linguistic Mapping

• Social Deixis is used
• It is One way to align to the cultural context
• Change in intonation indicate our perception

Linguistic Standing

• Register is change
• The students voices is also changing with time
• Switch indexes switch

Frame Works and Footings

• Negotiating frames and footings aims to improve conversations
• Cultural group need to be respected at All time

Organic Food

• Foods represent the new wave of social trend like with the attitude of enviorement

Ingredients

• chicken has low Excess fat
• And spices dont use no colorings flavoring
• Tea and coffee need some organic flavor

Communication Styles

The cultural background can have a different influence on

• Conversation
• communication