Communication Theory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of a non-assertive behavior?

Strong eye contact

Clear tone of voice

Quick responses and raised topics

Soft voice and gaze aversion (correct)

Which act in Speech Act Theory describes the actual utterance of words?

Illocutionary act

Perlocutionary act

Direct speech act

Locutionary act (correct)

Which of the following is an example of passive aggressive behavior?

Expressing opinions clearly

Avoiding topics and using negative expressions (correct)

Maintaining strong eye contact

Interrupting during conversations

What differentiates aggressive behavior from assertive behavior?

Interrupting and a loud voice Signup and view all the answers

What does mutual influence in exchanges imply?

Interdependency between participants Signup and view all the answers

Which type of speech act risks leading to misunderstandings?

Indirect speech act Signup and view all the answers

In terms of dominance, what does a visual dominance ratio indicate?

Dominant persons maintain more eye contact while speaking Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between persuasion and influence?

Persuasion is meant to effectuate change Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of self-disclosure on the discloser?

Self-clarification Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Johari Window refers to the range of areas over which disclosure takes place?

Breadth of penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Reciprocity in the context of self-disclosure?

Openness in one person encourages openness in another. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind the self-fulfilling prophecy as demonstrated by the Pygmalion Effect?

Students labeled as 'intelligent' perform better due to teacher expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the addition of a positive stimulus?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

How does self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication (CMC) compare to face-to-face (F2F) interactions?

Self-disclosure is higher in CMC. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is not a likely outcome of reciprocal self-disclosure?

Negative self-image Signup and view all the answers

How are interpersonal skills characterized according to the provided information?

Learned and controlled processes Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an effect of self-disclosure on relationships?

Enhances liking and connection Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'self-efficacy' refer to in interpersonal communication?

Beliefs about one's capabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which questioning technique begins with open questions and narrows down to closed questions?

Funnel sequence Signup and view all the answers

Which element contributes to how a person interacts in a given situation?

Person-situation context Signup and view all the answers

In raising a difficult topic, what strategy should be avoided?

Judging the other person's perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which form of punishment involves removing a bad stimulus?

Negative punishment Signup and view all the answers

What impact do reactions of others have on conversations?

They influence the behavior and direction of the conversation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of assertion in communication?

Expressing thoughts respectfully Signup and view all the answers

What do closed questions commonly require from respondents?

Brief and straightforward answers. Signup and view all the answers

What role does feedback play in interpersonal communication?

It allows assessment of communication effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a probing question?

To encourage expansion on initial responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'mediation processes' in interpersonal communication?

Processes between pursuing goals and perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a leading (biased) question?

It is designed to elicit a specific response based on its wording. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'perception' in the context of skilled interpersonal interaction?

An active and selective information processing Signup and view all the answers

What kind of errors are characterized as 'slips' in interpersonal processes?

Actions not part of the original plan Signup and view all the answers

Difficult conversations primarily revolve around which aspect?

Emotional factors Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transmission of new information and ideas processed individually by recipients?

Conveyance of information Signup and view all the answers

What is considered higher in face-to-face (F2F) interactions compared to text chat?

Immediacy of feedback Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the 'Online Disinhibition Effect'?

Increased freedom of expression due to anonymity Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes that individuals adapt to overcome limitations of online interactions?

Social Information Processing Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative aspect of the 'Online Disinhibition Effect'?

Toxic inhibition leading to online bullying Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism is directed at technologically deterministic approaches to CMC?

They ignore the versatile nature of CMC. Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of computer-mediated communication (CMC) highlighted in the content?

Asynchronous communication allowing more control Signup and view all the answers

In the hyperpersonal model, how does the receiver perceive the sender?

With a highly idealized perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the presentation phase in the grounding process?

To offer information with an expectation of acknowledgment Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of least collaborative effort primarily concerned with?

Minimizing the collaborative work from contribution to acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What role do back-channel signals play in conversation?

They provide evidence of understanding between conversation partners. Signup and view all the answers

According to the grounding process, which statement is true about common ground?

Common ground changes dynamically from moment to moment. Signup and view all the answers

How does accuracy of understanding evolve in referential communication tasks?

It increases with each trial while the number of words used decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cooperation Principle proposed by Paul Grice emphasize?

Making conversational contributions relevant to the interaction's purpose. Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a result of miscommunication?

Failure to consider common ground. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conceptual pacts?

Mutually understood representations of objects developed through conversation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fundamental Aspects of IPC

Source-receiver model: a source encodes a message, transmits it through a channel, and the receiver decodes it.
Transactional model: ongoing, dynamic process where all participants simultaneously send and receive messages, creating mutual meaning. This is based on interdependence and reciprocity.

Language

Language is ambiguous.
Sexual overperception bias.

Contextual Influences

Influence of context: set induction, physical environment, temporal factors, social psychological factors (interpersonal relationship, communication history), culture, and type of situation.
Influence of behavior: interdependence, nonverbal behavior, (non)verbal dominance, questioning, reflecting, reinforcement, listening, response styles (assertiveness vs. aggression).
Influence of medium: constraints and affordances, media richness, and social presence (determines possible behaviors).

Nonverbal Communication

Purposes: replace, complement, modify verbal communication; regulate conversations; convey emotions and interpersonal attitudes; display personal and social identity; and contextualize interactions.
Nonconscious mimicry: imitation of facial expressions, linguistic style matching, and emotional/mood contagion. (The Chameleon Effect).
Communication Accommodation Theory; people adjust their behaviors while interacting for complementarity/mimicry.

Skilled Interpersonal Interaction Elements

Person-situation context: how individuals are and the situation in which the interaction occurs.
Self-concept: an individual's view of themselves.
Self-efficacy: beliefs individuals hold about their capabilities.
Attitudes (ABC): affective (feelings), behavioral (predisposition), and cognitive (knowledge).
Goals: an end state the body has not yet attained (focused toward attaining in the future) and the body is committed to.

Stone Ch1: Three Conversations

What happened?: Our own truth, other's intentions, model of guilt (distinguish between blame and contribution).
Feelings: difficult conversations are about emotions (people try to avoid emotions, unspoken feelings can be revealed, learn what/where your emotions are, express them carefully, recognize other's emotions).
Identity: own identity at stake, part of difficult conversations, trying to maintain balance.

Nonverbal Communication and Deception

Deception: conscious attempt to make others believe something false.
Deception cues: physical stress, more emotions, increased cognitive effort, attempts to control own behavior. More cues indicate deception.

Mediated Interpersonal Communication I

Media affordances and constraints: copresence, visibility, audibility, synchronicity, and simultaneity.
Theories about mediated IPC: Social presence, Media Richness, and Media Synchronicity.
Criticism on technologically deterministic approaches: CMC is a container term; fixed effects on interactions and relationships; lack of attention to human determinism (interpersonal differences, adaptive capacity, social context).

Human Deterministic Approaches

Social Information Processing Theory: relationships can form in online environments, people adapt to overcome limitations of the medium.
Hyperpersonal model: CMC is hyperpersonal, offering opportunities to ‘fill in gaps’ and idealize self-presentation.

Mediated Interpersonal Communication II

Criticism on technologically deterministic approaches: CMC is a broader term; fixed effects on interactions and relationships; lacks attention to human determinism (personal differences, adaptive capacity, social context).

Touch and Smell Without Copresence

Touch and smell in the absence of physical presence.

Immersive: experience of being present in the mediated environment.
Proxemics and eye contact, virtual prejudice.
Effects of nodding, negative effects of social ostracism, unique affordances of virtual experiences (like avatars and environment).

Mutual Understanding

Use of heuristics, linguistic copresence, community membership, and miscommunication.
Grounding process: a joint activity where common ground evolves over time.
Presentation phase, acceptance phase, and stages of reference communication tasks.
Conversation norms.

Questioning and Reflecting

Goals of questioning: obtaining information, initiating interactions, arousing interest, encouragement, and assessments of knowledge, opinions, and feelings.
Open questions: leave more room for respondent's answer.
Closed questions: constraint the answers to brief or specific responses.
Funnel sequences: transition from open to closed questions.
Inverted funnel sequences: move from closed to open questions.
Tunnel sequences: all questions are of the same type.
Erratic sequences: mix of open and closed questions.
Leading questions: biased questions, aiming at a particular response.
Probing questions: follow-up questions to encourage more detailed answers.

Assertiveness

Assertion: standing up for personal rights, expressing thoughts/feelings/beliefs directly and honestly, while respecting others' rights.
Noncoercive and friendly assertiveness.
Factors in assertion: knowledge, rights recognition, present dissatisfaction, positive beliefs.
Assertive response styles: direct and indirect, controlling (passive aggressiveness).

Speech Act Theory

Locutionary act: actual utterance of words.
Illocutionary act: the force (action) of the utterance.
Perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance on a listener.

Persuasion and Influence

Purposes of persuasion: adoption, continuance, improvement, deterrence, discontinuance, and reduction.
Immediate (unsuccessful) effects, and delayed (sleeper) effects of persuasion.
Boomerang effect: no or opposite effect as intended.
Rhethoric: all available persuasive methods (ethos, logos, pathos).
Personal proofs: credibility, relationship, attractiveness, humor.
Logical Proofs: message delivery, case studies, side, request size, reciprocation.
Emotional proofs: threat/fear, moral appeals, scarcity, self-prophecy.

Negotiation

Negotiation: process where two or more parties exchange goods or services and agree upon an exchange rate.
Zero-sum tasks: where if one party gains, the other party loses.
Unilateral concession: one-sided compromise.
Individual gain: increase one's own gains.
Competition: obtaining a bigger share compared to others.
Integrative bargaining: striving for the best possible deal for both sides.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in communication theory, including assertive and non-assertive behaviors, speech acts, self-disclosure, and the Johari Window. This quiz covers essential principles that influence interpersonal communication and understanding. Challenge yourself to see how well you grasp these fundamental ideas.