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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes an analog signal from a digital signal?
Which modulation technique alters the amplitude of a carrier wave?
What type of noise measurement expresses the signal-to-noise ratio in decibels?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a communication system?
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Which agency is primarily responsible for managing the electromagnetic spectrum in the U.S.?
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What is the general term for the phenomenon that degrades transmitted information?
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Which of the following is a basic type of multiplexing?
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Which of the following does NOT represent a long-distance communication method used by early humans?
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Which organization is known for maintaining communication system standards?
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What is a transceiver?
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What frequency range is allocated for FM radio broadcasting?
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What is the primary difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
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Which of the following describes multiplexing?
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What is the upper-frequency limit of a television signal occupying a 6 MHz bandwidth starting at 54 MHz?
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What frequency does an electromagnetic wave have if the distance between peaks is 8 inches?
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Which term describes the compatibility of equipment across manufacturers?
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Study Notes
Analog vs. Digital Signals
- Analog signals are continuous and change smoothly over time.
- Digital signals are discrete and change in steps or intervals, typically represented as binary (0s and 1s).
Signal Degradation and Noise
- Free-space path loss is signal degradation proportional to the square of the distance.
- Noise power is measured in decibels (dB).
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is expressed as 10 * log(signal power/noise power).
Modulation Techniques
- Amplitude Modulation (AM): The amplitude of the carrier wave is varied based on the baseband signal.
- Frequency Modulation (FM): The frequency of the carrier wave is varied based on the baseband signal.
- Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier wave is varied based on the baseband signal.
Communication System Components
- A communication system includes a transmitter, a medium/channel, and a receiver.
Baseband and Broadband Signals
- Baseband signals transmit one signal over a channel, often over short distances.
- Broadband signals transmit multiple signals simultaneously over long distances.
Multiplexing Techniques
- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): Divides time segments into slots, each allocated to a different signal.
- Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): Each signal is assigned a specific frequency band within the channel.
- Code Division Multiplexing (CDM): Each signal is assigned a unique code that allows the receiver to separate it from other signals.
Standards and Organizations
- The IEEE, ITU, and ISO maintain communication system standards, ensuring interoperability and compatibility.
Government Agencies
- The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are responsible for managing the electromagnetic spectrum.
Communication Media and Channels
- Examples of communication channels include fiber optic cables, radio waves, coaxial cables, satellite links, and twisted pair wires.
Digital Data Transmission
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most commonly used digital code in communications.
- Examples of transmitting digital data by modulation include ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency Shift Keying).
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all frequencies, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
- Bandwidth refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.
Communication System Model
- The general model of a communication system consists of an information source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination.
Early Communication Methods
- Early Humans used smoke signals, fire beacons, drums, flags, and carrier pigeons for long-distance communication
Key Terms
- Transmitter: A collection of electronic components designed for transmission
- Receiver: A collection of components accepting and converting transmitted messages
- Transceiver: combines transmitter and receiver functions in a single device.
- Communication: The process of exchanging information
- Information Age: A period marked by a shift in focus from manufacturing to information exchange.
- Interoperability: Equipment compatibility across manufacturers
- Frequency: The number of times a phenomenon occurs in a given period.
- Half-duplex: A two-way communication system where only one party transmits at any given time.
- Laser: A light signal with a narrow beam that can be modulated.
- Wireless Communication: Communication using free space as the medium.
- Standards: Specifications and guidelines for compatibility between equipment.
Additional Examples and Information
- FM radio broadcasts occupy the frequency range of 88 MHz to 108 MHz.
- The upper-frequency limit of a 6 MHz bandwidth television signal in Channel 2 (lower limit 54 MHz) is 60 MHz.
- An electromagnetic wave with an 8-inch separation between peaks has a frequency of approximately 1.5 GHz.
- The common AC power line frequency range is 50 Hz to 60 Hz.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of communication systems in this quiz. Delve into the differences between analog and digital signals, modulation techniques, and components of a communication system. Test your knowledge on key concepts like signal degradation and noise as well.
