Communication Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a sender barrier in communication?

  • A bilingual staff member misunderstands a grievance.
  • An administrator is distracted by budgeting issues.
  • A staff member sends an email instead of speaking face-to-face.
  • An administrator avoids sharing an innovative idea during a meeting. (correct)
  • What type of barrier is described by an individual not understanding the context of a word used by another person?

  • Encoding barrier
  • Semantic barrier (correct)
  • Receiver barrier
  • Medium barrier
  • Which barrier can occur when individuals do not share a common language?

  • Decoding barrier
  • Feedback barrier
  • Process barrier
  • Language barrier (correct)
  • What is the impact of poor vocabulary on communication?

    <p>It increases the chances of misinterpretation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies a feedback barrier?

    <p>Everyone in a meeting remains silent without asking questions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a medium barrier likely occur?

    <p>An upset employee writes an emotional letter to a supervisor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decoding barrier involve?

    <p>The receiver fails to interpret the message accurately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an example of a process barrier in communication?

    <p>A speaker nervously avoiding eye contact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of roundabout verbiage?

    <p>Using 'some' instead of 'in the majority of cases' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a form of noise in communication?

    <p>Emotional responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to communication gaps due to time?

    <p>Irritation from late phone calls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT one of the 7 C's of effective communication?

    <p>Cognizance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age-related factor might affect communication?

    <p>Vocabulary differences due to the generation gap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the socio-psychological barrier in communication?

    <p>Fear of offering suggestions due to status differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a barrier to effective communication stemming from different perceptions of reality?

    <p>Rejecting information that conflicts with personal beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effective communication requires which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Clarity in message interpretation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conciseness in communication?

    <p>To convey the message using the fewest words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes coherence in writing?

    <p>Clear connections between ideas under a main topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the five W's method help achieve in communication?

    <p>A complete understanding of the information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for maintaining business relations during communication?

    <p>Offering complete and possibly extra information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be avoided to achieve conciseness?

    <p>Wordy expressions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one maintain clarity of thought in writing?

    <p>By tying together several ideas under one main topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When responding to a customer request, what should the focus be?

    <p>Including only the list of relevant clients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as important when constructing effective sentences?

    <p>Clarity of thought and purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of self-concept does the Johari window's 'Open' quadrant represent?

    <p>Knowledge known to oneself and others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is associated with emotions, attitudes, and beliefs?

    <p>Emotional Processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does selective perception affect the reception of stimuli?

    <p>Allows us to focus only on a few selected stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes interpersonal communication?

    <p>It typically takes place in informal, unstructured settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'Blind' in the Johari window model?

    <p>Knowledge that others have about you that you do not recognize (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is primarily utilized in interpersonal communication?

    <p>Non-verbal symbols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences one's self-perception according to the relationships with others?

    <p>External feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processing type is primarily concerned with logic and reasoning?

    <p>Cognitive Processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the Information Age as described?

    <p>Interactive communication across various mediums (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mass communication?

    <p>Real-time feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualifies a medium to be classified as mass media?

    <p>It must reach at least fifty million adopters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a gatekeeper play in mass communication?

    <p>They edit and control messages before dissemination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an example of interactive communication?

    <p>Engaging in a chat room discussion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who originally coined the term 'gatekeeper' in the context of mass communication?

    <p>Kurt Lewin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mass media is true?

    <p>Messages can reach a large audience simultaneously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions does a gatekeeper NOT perform?

    <p>Creating content from scratch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term coined by Stanley Baran that describes the nature of feedback in mass communication?

    <p>Delayed Inferential Feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a key limitation in mass communication compared to face-to-face communication?

    <p>Limited sensory channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is feedback in mass communication typically characterized?

    <p>It is often limited, delayed, and indirect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'delayed feedback' in mass communication mean?

    <p>Feedback is received after a significant time gap. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the nature of communication in mass media?

    <p>Communication is primarily impersonal and between strangers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Communication Barriers

    Obstacles that prevent effective communication between people.

    Sender Barrier

    Problems on the sender's side that hinder effective communication.

    Encoding Barrier

    Problems with clearly expressing an idea through language or symbols.

    Medium Barrier

    Problems with the channel of communication used to transmit a message.

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    Decoding Barrier

    Difficulties on the receiver's side in understanding the message.

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    Receiver Barrier

    Problems when the receiver fails to correctly interpret the sender’s message.

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    Feedback Barrier

    Problems with receiving and giving feedback that results in confusion or a lack of clarity.

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    Language Barrier

    Difficulties arising from a lack of common language between the sender and receiver, affecting understanding.

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    Roundabout Verbiage

    Using overly complex or repetitive language that can cause misunderstandings.

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    Physical Barriers

    Obstacles to communication caused by factors like noise, time differences, distance, and technology issues.

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    Effective Communication

    A message delivered in a clear, concise, and credible way to a specific receiver.

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    7 C's of Communication

    Key principle of effective communication to help the message reach the intended receiver/audience. (Completeness, clarity, conciseness, correctness, coherence, continuity and credibility)

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    Clarity (Communication)

    Using precise and easy-to-understand language to avoid confusion.

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    Communication Barriers (Age)

    Differences in vocabulary and lifestyles between generations create communication barriers.

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    Communication Barriers (Attitudes/Values)

    Different backgrounds and beliefs make individuals may not accept or understand a message if its content is unfavourable.

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    Communication Barriers (Status)

    Differences in social status can create communication barriers, hindering the exchange of ideas due to fear of judgment.

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    Clarity of Thought

    Ensuring your message is easy to understand and free from ambiguity. It's about the logic and flow within your message, ensuring the receiver grasps your intention.

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    Clarity of Purpose

    Having a clear goal in mind and communicating it effectively. This means knowing what you want to achieve with your message.

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    Completeness

    Providing all the necessary information to answer a receiver's questions. This ensures they have a full picture and don't have to guess.

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    Coherence

    The logical flow of ideas and information within a message. It's about making sure everything ties together in a meaningful way.

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    Conciseness

    Using the fewest words possible to convey your message effectively. It's about clarity, not brevity at the expense of clarity.

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    Wordy Expression

    Using too many words to express a simple idea. This makes your message longer and harder to understand.

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    Relevant Material

    Focusing on information that directly relates to the message's purpose. Don't include unnecessary details.

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    Unnecessary Repetition

    Repeating the same information multiple times without adding new value. This can make your message boring and tedious.

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    Mass Medium

    A communication channel reaching at least 50 million people. Examples include radio, television, and internet.

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    Gatekeeper

    An individual or group that controls the flow of information in mass communication.

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    Delayed Feedback

    A characteristic of mass communication where responses to messages are received after a significant delay.

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    Limited Sensory Channels

    Mass communication primarily uses visual and auditory channels, with limited use of touch, smell, or taste.

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    Impersonal Communication

    Communication in mass media is often impersonal, lacking direct interaction between sender and receiver.

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    What are the 3 functions of a gatekeeper?

    Gatekeepers in mass communication curate information by selecting, filtering, and modifying messages.

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    Is it guaranteed that the audience receives the exact message sent by the source?

    No, gatekeepers often modify or filter messages before they reach the audience.

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    Who can be a gatekeeper in mass communication?

    Gatekeepers include journalists, editors, producers, writers, and anyone who influences the content of information.

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    Delayed inferential feedback

    When mass communicators, like TV executives, don't wait for direct feedback from viewers but instead rely on ratings and other indirect measures to infer how their content is received.

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    Limited sensory channels in Mass Communication

    Mass communication primarily uses sight (visuals) and sound (audio), unlike face-to-face communication where other senses like touch and smell are involved.

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    Impersonal communication in Mass Communication

    Mass communication often involves communication between strangers, leading to a more impersonal tone compared to face-to-face interaction.

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    Editing information before dissemination

    Manipulating the information by selecting, omitting, or rewording content before it is shared with the public.

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    Expanding information by adding perspectives

    Enhancing a message by including different viewpoints or interpretations to provide a more comprehensive understanding.

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    Self-Concept

    Your overall perception of yourself, encompassing beliefs, feelings, and evaluations about your abilities, values, and characteristics.

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    Johari Window

    A model that illustrates the different aspects of self-awareness, including what you know about yourself and what others know about you.

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    Open Self

    The part of yourself that you and others are aware of, including your personality traits, beliefs, and values.

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    Hidden Self

    The part of yourself that you are aware of but choose not to share with others, such as your private thoughts, fears, or dreams.

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    Blind Self

    The part of yourself that you are unaware of but others are aware of, such as personality quirks or behaviors that you are not conscious of.

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    Unknown Self

    The part of yourself that you and others are completely unaware of, including potential talents, experiences, or aspects of your personality that are yet to be discovered.

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    Interpersonal Communication

    Communication that happens between two or more people, usually in a casual and informal setting, involving both verbal and nonverbal messages.

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    Selective Perception

    The process of paying attention to only a few stimuli out of the many that are directed towards you, based on your interests, priorities, and experiences.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Communication is a remarkable process.
    • It involves the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, and knowledge.
    • Communication shapes and regulates behavior (e.g., smiling, anger).

    Why Need Communication?

    • Survival: Humans depend on others to survive; communication is essential.
    • Co-operation: Living creatures cooperate to maintain life; humans do so to maintain superiority.
    • Relationships: Strong relationships have existed since the early days of human civilization, making communication crucial for a social life.

    Persuasion

    • Communication makes civilizations grow by influencing others, this is still relevant today.
    • Effective communication is critical in conflicts to gain power and support.

    Information

    • Information is crucial in modern life, influencing travel plans, and impacting future decisions.
    • Small pieces of information can have a long-lasting effect, impacting business and personal decisions on a significant scale.
    • Communication is essential for decision-making.

    Definition

    • Communication is Latin in origin.
    • It is the process of sharing ideas, information, feelings, among two or more people, using symbols.

    Nature of Communication

    • Communication is a process.
    • Can involve human or non-human objects.
    • Communication requires a channel or medium.
    • Communication channels are divided into interlocking circuits.

    Scope of Communication

    • Covers various aspects of life, including personal, social, state, international affairs, business, management, and religion.

    Communication Process

    • Sender encodes a message.
    • Message is conveyed through a medium/channel.
    • Receiver decodes the message.
    • Feedback returns the message to the sender.
    • Noise can distort the message.

    Functions of Communication

    • Education and Instruction: Provides knowledge, skills, and awareness to participate in society.
    • Information: Provides knowledge and understanding about the surroundings, enabling a more informed life.
    • Entertainment: Provides entertainment through various mediums like movies, radio, television, music, and games.

    Discussion

    • Communication helps clarify diverse viewpoints on important issues.
    • Discussing and debating helps in transferring ideas and perspectives.

    Persuasion

    • Communication is vital to making policy decisions by persuading people.

    Cultural Promotion

    • Communication promotes and preserve cultural heritage and traditions.

    Integration

    • Information sharing between different cultures promotes understanding and cooperation.

    Barriers to Communication

    • Ineffective communication may involve problems in various stages, from the initial idea to feedback.

    Process Barriers

    • Sender: Fear of criticism or not speaking up.
    • Encoding: Language barriers, different understandings.
    • Medium: Inappropriate channels (e.g. emotionally-charged letters instead of face-to-face discussion), may delay response.
    • Decoding: Different levels of understanding between parties; differences can stem from experience.
    • Receiver: Being preoccupied with other information, poor listening skills.
    • Feedback: Lack of questions when important for understanding and confirmation.

    Language Barriers

    • Lack of common language: Different cultural backgrounds are a significant barrier.
    • Semantic issues: Misinterpretations because of differing word meanings at various times.
    • Poor Vocabulary: Insufficient choice of words for expressing oneself makes it more difficult to communicate.

    Poor Grammar and Punctuation

    • Poor grammar, punctuation, and spelling might hinder communication.
    • Avoid roundabout and wordy expressions.

    Physical Barriers

    • Noise: Can be in form of verbal or non-verbal communication like a loud noise machine or people talking.
    • Time: Improper timing, e.g., a late-night phone call. This can cause a hindrance.
    • Distance: Communication difficulty due to distance.
    • Availability of technical devices affect communication.
    • Technical issues (faulty equipment) hindering communication.

    Socio-psychological Barriers

    • Status: Differences in status or power relationships between individuals or groups.
    • Attitudes and values: The way people believe or think can also affect successful communication (e.g., disliking unfavorable messages).
    • Backgrounds: Backgrounds create hurdles in communication.
    • Reality Perception: Differences in perceptions and beliefs.

    Other Barriers to Effective Communication

    • Inference: Drawing conclusions without proper reasoning, this might be misinterpreted when the intended meaning varies.
    • Abstracting: Removing unimportant parts of the message may cause misunderstanding.
    • Closed-mindedness: Lack of openness to other viewpoints.
    • Distortion-filtering-editing: Selective hearing/presenting.
    • Poor listening skills: Preventing effective message exchange.
    • Emotions: Emotional outbursts disrupt communication.

    Effective Communications (7 Cs)

    • Principles for creating effective communication.
    • Clarity: Ensures message ease of understanding.
    • Completeness: Provides the necessary information.
    • Conciseness: Using the fewest necessary words, avoids wordiness.
    • Coherence: Connects different ideas in a logical manner.
    • Correctness: Ensures message accuracy, details, and professional tone.
    • Consideration: Takes into account the audience, their emotional state and other factors.
    • Courtesy: Being respectful and polite in communication.

    Clarity of Thought, Purpose, and Subject

    • What, why, how questions help to address relevant aspects in a formal setting.

    Completeness

    • Providing thorough information to the receiver, and not leaving out important aspects and related details.
    • Answering the five W's (Who, What, When, Where, Why) provides completeness in information exchanges.

    Coherence

    • Connecting ideas logically in a manner that creates an understanding of the intended message by the reader.
    • Clarity and relation of the ideas must be maintained.

    Conciseness

    • Using fewest words but still delivering the core message.
    • Essential content only with no unnecessary details.
    • Avoid wordiness, unnecessary repetitions, and irrelevant information.

    Correctness

    • Accuracy in grammar, punctuation, spelling.
    • Accurate figures, facts, and proper use of language are essential for professional communication.

    Use the Right Level of Language

    • Determining whether language should be formal, informal, or substandard.
    • Formal language generally refers to documents, business agreements, etc; while informal language is more suitable for daily conversations among peers.

    Formal and Informal Words

    • Choosing appropriate words (formal or informal) based on the context of communication.

    Substandard Language

    • Avoiding inappropriate or low-quality language in writing, including abbreviations.

    Facts and Figures Accuracy

    • Verifying facts, figures and words from authoritative sources.
    • Double checking data/figures/words in communication materials.
    • Seeking other people's reviews on your data is useful, especially when presenting complex messages.

    Proper Use of Confusing Words

    • Understanding and using words that may have multiple meanings and ensure the intended meaning is conveyed correctly.

    Continuity

    • Maintaining the topic/subject through the writing, prevents deviating to other issues.
    • Avoiding unnecessary jargon.

    Typology of Communication

    • Verbal communication uses speech, while non-verbal communication uses gestures, body language, etc.
    • Intrapersonal communication occurs within an individual (talking to oneself).
    • Interpersonal occurs between two or more people, a dynamic two-way exchange of ideas through one-to-one or a small group setting.
    • Group occurs between three or more individuals, structured. Can be for a common goal to accomplish.
    • Mass communication occurs to transmit messages to large audiences through impersonal channels with delayed feedback; e.g. articles or TV broadcasts.
    • Interactive is a modern term describing dynamic exchanges of information.

    Intra-Personal Communication

    • Involves an individual.
    • Feelings, thoughts, and perceptions about oneself.
    • A person is the only sender and receiver.

    Interpersonal Communication

    • Face to face interactions, usually within a comfortable/informal environment.
    • Direct and immediate feedback is common, so message transmission is efficient.
    • Influences/persuasion possible during face-to-face interactions.
    • Messages are personalized.

    Group Communication

    • Extension of interpersonal communication.
    • Involvement of more than two people.
    • Used for a common goal/interest, etc like groups formed for common tasks, sharing interest, or for a common goal, etc.
    • Can involve small to larger groups.

    Mass Communication

    • Communication reaching a large mass audience.
    • Mass media (e.g., radio, TV, magazines) channels.
    • Mass audience consists of diverse people, geographical locations, and experiences.
    • Feedback can be slow, indirect, and generalized.
    • Gatekeepers determine what information the audience receives; they might be reporters, editors, etc.

    Interactive Communication

    • A dynamic two-way exchange of information between individuals and/or machines/technology.
    • New media (e.g., internet, mobile, computers) have made this possible, even across social boundaries, locations, across time (e.g. messages).
    • Feedback is instant.

    Characteristics of Mass Communication

    • Mass medium: Messages are delivered to a vast audience.
    • Gatekeepers: A filter for information, determining what gets transmitted.
    • Delayed feedback: It's not instantaneous.
    • Limited sensory channels: The methods can only transmit limited senses.
    • Impersonal communication: Messages aren't directed to individuals, so the message lacks personal touch.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential aspects of communication, highlighting its role in survival, cooperation, and relationship building. It covers the significance of effective communication in persuasion and decision-making, underscoring its impact on personal and professional interactions.

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