Communication Cycle and Types

Communication is the exchange of information, ideas, or feelings between people through speaking, writing, or other methods.

Communication Cycle:

1. Sender: The person who sends the message.
2. Message: The idea or information to be communicated.
3. Encoding: Converting the message into symbols or language.
4. Channel: The medium used (e.g., email, speech).
5. Receiver: The person who receives the message.
6. Decoding: Understanding the message.
7. Feedback: The receiver's response.

Diagram:

Sender → Encoding → Message → Channel → Decoding → Receiver → Feedback

Verbal Communication: Uses spoken or written words. Examples: Conversations, emails.

Non-Verbal Communication: Involves body language, gestures, facial expressions, and tone. Example: Nodding to show agreement.

Grapevine communication is informal communication within an organization, often spread through casual conversations. It is quick but may lead to rumors. Example: Colleagues discussing potential company changes in the break room.

<p>Listening is actively paying attention to understand and interpret what someone is saying. It requires focus and comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SQ5R method is a reading and study strategy:</p> <ol> <li> <strong>Survey:</strong> Skim the material.</li> <li> <strong>Question:</strong> Frame questions based on the headings.</li> <li> <strong>Read:</strong> Read to find answers.</li> <li> <strong>Recite:</strong> Summarize key points aloud.</li> <li> <strong>Review:</strong> Revisit the material for better retention.</li> <li> <strong>Reflect:</strong> Think about the material.</li> <li> <strong>Record:</strong> Take notes.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Courtesy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesive devices are words or phrases that connect ideas in writing. Examples include:</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Additive:</strong> Furthermore, and, moreover.</li> <li> <strong>Contrastive:</strong> However, but, yet.</li> <li> <strong>Causal:</strong> Because, therefore, so.</li> <li> <strong>Sequential:</strong> First, then, finally.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SMART goals are:</p> <ol> <li> <strong>Specific:</strong> Clear and focused.</li> <li> <strong>Measurable:</strong> Quantifiable.</li> <li> <strong>Achievable:</strong> Realistic.</li> <li> <strong>Relevant:</strong> Aligned with objectives.</li> <li> <strong>Time-bound:</strong> Have a deadline.</li> </ol> <p>Example: &quot;Complete a 5 km run within 30 minutes by the end of this month.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li> <strong>Forming:</strong> Team members meet and understand goals.</li> <li> <strong>Storming:</strong> Address conflicts and challenges.</li> <li> <strong>Norming:</strong> Develop trust and set rules.</li> <li> <strong>Performing:</strong> Work efficiently to achieve goals.</li> <li> <strong>Adjourning:</strong> Team disbands after completing tasks.</li> </ol> <p>Example: A project team forming, solving conflicts, working together, and finishing the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><strong>Socio-Cultural Barriers to Communication</strong></p> <p>Socio-cultural barriers to communication arise from differences in social background, culture, and values between individuals or groups. These barriers can affect how messages are encoded, transmitted, and decoded.</p> <p><em>Examples of Socio-Cultural Barriers:</em></p> <ol> <li> <em>Language differences:</em> Language is a fundamental aspect of culture, and differences in language can create significant barriers to communication.</li> <li> <em>Cultural norms and values:</em> Different cultures have unique norms, values, and customs that can influence communication styles and expectations.</li> <li> <em>Social status and power dynamics:</em> Social status and power imbalances can affect communication, with those in positions of power often dominating conversations.</li> <li> <em>Ethnic and racial differences:</em> Prejudices and biases based on ethnicity and race can create barriers to effective communication.</li> <li> <em>Age and generational differences:</em> Different age groups and generations may have distinct communication styles, preferences, and values.</li> </ol> <p><strong>Psychological Barriers to Communication</strong></p> <p>Psychological barriers to communication arise from individual psychological factors, such as emotions, attitudes, and personality traits, that can affect how people communicate.</p> <p><em>Examples of Psychological Barriers:</em></p> <ol> <li> <em>Emotional barriers:</em> Strong emotions like anger, fear, or anxiety can impede effective communication.</li> <li> <em>Defensiveness:</em> When individuals feel threatened or attacked, they may become defensive and less receptive to messages.</li> <li> <em>Biases and prejudices:</em> Unconscious biases and prejudices can influence how people perceive and interpret messages.</li> <li> <em>Personality traits:</em> Personality traits like introversion, extroversion, or neuroticism can affect communication styles and preferences.</li> <li> <em>Stress and fatigue:</em> Physical and mental exhaustion can impair cognitive function and reduce effective communication.</li> </ol> <p>By recognizing and understanding these socio-cultural and psychological barriers to communication, individuals and organizations can take steps to overcome them and foster more effective and inclusive communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li> <strong>Upward Communication:</strong> Information flows from employees to managers. Example: Feedback.</li> <li> <strong>Downward Communication:</strong> Managers pass information to employees. Example: Instructions.</li> <li> <strong>Horizontal Communication:</strong> Between peers or departments. Example: Team collaboration.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plagiarism is using someone else's work or ideas without giving credit. It is unethical and can lead to penalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><strong>Process of Listening:</strong></p> <ol> <li> <strong>Receiving</strong> → <strong>Understanding</strong> → <strong>Evaluating</strong> → <strong>Responding</strong> → <strong>Remembering</strong>.</li> </ol> <p><strong>Types of Active Listening:</strong></p> <ol> <li> <strong>Reflective Listening:</strong> Paraphrasing the speaker.</li> <li> <strong>Empathetic Listening:</strong> Understanding emotions.</li> <li> <strong>Critical Listening:</strong> Evaluating the message's validity.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p><strong>Sender:</strong> The person who communicates. <strong>Receiver:</strong> The person who receives the message. <strong>Message:</strong> The content being communicated. <strong>Medium:</strong> The method used (e.g., email, phone). <strong>Feedback:</strong> The receiver's response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><strong>Types of Barriers:</strong></p> <ol> <li> <strong>Physical:</strong> Noise, distance.</li> <li> <strong>Language:</strong> Jargon, unclear terms.</li> <li> <strong>Cultural:</strong> Different beliefs.</li> <li> <strong>Emotional:</strong> Stress or anger.</li> <li> <strong>Perceptual:</strong> Misunderstanding due to assumptions.</li> </ol> <p>Example: A noisy environment hindering a phone conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><strong>Process:</strong></p> <ol> <li> <strong>Sender</strong> → <strong>Message → Encoding → Channel → Decoding → Receiver → Feedback</strong>.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>[Your Address] [Date] [Recipient's Name] [Recipient's Address] Subject: [Subject of Letter] Dear [Recipient's Name], [Body of the letter aligned to the left margin.] Sincerely, [Your Name]</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>i) <strong>Listening vs. Hearing:</strong> Hearing is passive; listening is active. ii) <strong>Technical Description vs. Instructions:</strong> Descriptions explain; instructions guide. iii) <strong>Caution vs. Warning:</strong> Caution alerts to potential risks; warnings indicate immediate danger. iv) <strong>Values vs. Ethics:</strong> Values are personal beliefs; ethics are societal standards.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>i) <strong>Organizational Communication:</strong> Sharing information within an organization to achieve goals. ii) <strong>&quot;You Attitude&quot;:</strong> Writing focused on the reader's needs. Example: &quot;You will receive your order by tomorrow.&quot; iii) <strong>Email Etiquette:</strong> Use a clear subject, formal tone, and proofread before sending. iv) <strong>Ethical Use of AI Tools:</strong> Use AI responsibly without misusing its capabilities or violating copyrights.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li> <strong>Caution:</strong> Alert for minor risks. <strong>Precaution:</strong> Steps to avoid risks. <strong>Warning:</strong> Notice for serious risks. <strong>Danger:</strong> High risk or threat. <strong>Note:</strong> Additional important information.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li> <strong>Synonyms:</strong> Happy - Joyful. <strong>Antonyms:</strong> Happy - Sad. <strong>Word Forms:</strong> Decide - Decision → Decisive. <strong>Common Errors:</strong> Subject-verb agreement: &quot;He don't know&quot; → &quot;He doesn't know.&quot;</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers