Communication Concepts and Strategies

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Questions and Answers

In the context of communication, what does the term 'encoding' refer to?

The process of converting thoughts or ideas into a message.

What is meant by 'decoding' in the communication process?

The process of interpreting and understanding the sender's message.

List two common forms of 'noise' that can affect communication.

Physical distractions and semantic misunderstandings.

Explain the importance of 'feedback' in the communication process.

<p>It allows the sender to know if their message was received and understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides spoken or written words, what other forms can communication take?

<p>Non-verbal cues like body language, tone of voice, and visual aids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concept of 'polysemy' affects verbal communication, provide an example.

<p>Polysemy refers to the fact that words have both denotative (literal) and connotative (underlying) meanings. This means that the same words can have different underlying meanings based on context and individual perception. For instance, the word 'cool' can describe temperature, or it can denote a favorable attitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between 'emblems' and 'illustrators' in the context of Kinesics.

<p>Emblems are nonverbal gestures that have a direct verbal translation (e.g., a thumbs up means 'good job'), while illustrators are gestures used to enhance or clarify a spoken message, often done in conjunction with speech. For instance, physically showing an object's size, while describing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'priming' influence perception according to schema theory?

<p>Priming increases the sensitivity of a particular node in our mental schema, making it more likely to influence our perception and interpretation of new information. For example, if you are 'primed' with the idea of danger, you may be more likely to perceive neutral events as dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how 'mindlessness' in information processing can be a risk in communication.

<p>Mindlessness, characterized by passively receiving information, can lead to risks like implicit bias and the bandwagon fallacy. This is because when we aren't actively thinking, we're more susceptible to accepting information and opinions without critical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain how 'selective perception' might lead to 'confirmation bias'.

<p>Selective perception, where our schemas direct our attention to specific information, can lead to confirmation bias because we are more likely to notice and remember information that confirms our existing beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence. This reinforces our preconceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could 'distorted perception' due to schemas lead to stereotyping?

<p>Distorted perception occurs when schemas impact the interpretation of new information, sometimes in inaccurate ways. This can lead to stereotyping because existing general schemas can cause individuals to perceive members of a certain group as more similar than they really are, and also attribute inaccurate characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three ways nonverbal communication can significantly alter verbal communication.

<p>Nonverbal cues like chronemics, vocal intonation, and haptics can alter verbal communication by adding contextual meaning. For instance, speaking rapidly can communicate urgency, speaking softly can add confidence, and a pat on the back can add intimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between Adaptor and Regulator nonverbal communication as part of Kinesics.

<p>Adaptors are nonverbal behaviors that satisfy personal needs, often subconscious actions that relieve stress. Regulators are nonverbal cues that control the flow of conversation, such as raising a hand to speak, that coordinate the behavior of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication

The process of exchanging information or ideas between individuals or groups.

Exchange of Information

Giving and receiving messages or data during communication.

Non-verbal Communication

Conveying messages without spoken words, using body language, facial expressions, or gestures.

Active Listening

Fully concentrating, understanding, and responding during a conversation.

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Barriers to Communication

Obstacles that hinder effective communication, such as language differences or misunderstandings.

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Symbolic Communication

A form of communication that uses symbols influenced by culture and shared codes.

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Polysemy

The quality of a word having multiple meanings: denotative (literal) and connotative (implied).

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Chronemics

The study of how time affects communication and how it is perceived.

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Proxemics

The use of personal space in communication, affecting interaction dynamics.

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Schema

Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information we receive.

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Priming

The process of preparing your mind to recognize or respond to specific information.

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Mindlessness

A state of passively receiving information without critical thinking.

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Self-Concept

Your perception of who you are, shaped by experiences and beliefs.

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Study Notes

Communication

  • Communication is symbolic, influenced by culture, transactional, built off shared codes, and altered by channels. It's also informed by intentions.
  • Verbal communication uses words as signs for people, ideas, and things. Language has grammar (rules for creating phrases and sentences), and polysemy (words have denotative and connotative meanings). Context and power dynamics influence how words are perceived.
  • Nonverbal communication includes chronemics (how we use time), proxemics (space), paralanguage/vocalities (tone, pitch), haptics (touch), oculesics (eye contact), and kinesics (body language).
  • Adaptor behaviors are psychological needs like biting nails, emblems are symbols with additional meanings (like thumbs-up), and regulators coordinate conversation (gestures for 'continue'). Illustrators accompany speech, and affect displays communicate attitudes (like a clenched fist).

Schema

  • Schemas are mental structures for interpreting information (reception, interpretation, and use).
  • Priming increases sensitivity to specific nodes within a schema.
  • Perception is influenced by schemas and how primed they are.
  • Schemas and perception work together to understand the world.

Mindlessness

  • Mindlessness is passively receiving information. Risks include implicit bias, bandwagon fallacy, and selective perception. Schema (patterns to orient attention) and distortions can impact perception.
  • Self-concept is how we think of ourselves. Self-esteem and self-efficacy involve self-worth and perceived ability.
  • The social comparison theory discusses how we evaluate ourselves through others' perceptions, sometimes to our detriment.

Social Media & Identity Curation

  • Avatars and shared information on social media can reflect reality but may lead to over-representation or controlled self-representation.
  • Culture defines systems for beliefs, practices, and ways of living.

Intercultural Communication

  • High-context cultures value contextual cues, while low-context cultures prioritize explicit communication.
  • Collectivist cultures prioritize group identity, while individualistic cultures prioritize personal identity.
  • Power distance describes the importance of hierarchy in daily life (high versus low).
  • Ethnocentrism is the belief in one's culture's superiority, and discrimination is biased behaviour against groups.
  • Exoticization is the romanticized view of other cultures.

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