Communication Chapter 17 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is ethos?

Reasoning

Credibility (correct)

Emotional appeal

Evidence

What are the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility?

Competence and character

What is initial credibility?

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

What is derived credibility?

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech Signup and view all the answers

What is terminal credibility?

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech Signup and view all the answers

What does creating common ground involve?

Connecting with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience Signup and view all the answers

What is evidence in the context of a speech?

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something Signup and view all the answers

What is logos?

The logical appeal of a speaker Signup and view all the answers

What is reasoning?

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is causal reasoning?

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects Signup and view all the answers

What is an analogy?

A comparison between two similar cases Signup and view all the answers

What is a fallacy?

An error in reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is hasty generalization?

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence Signup and view all the answers

What does the false cause fallacy entail?

Mistakenly assuming that one event is the cause of another because they follow each other Signup and view all the answers

What is an ad hominem fallacy?

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of appeal essential to effective public speaking?

Ethos, logos, and pathos Signup and view all the answers

Why is causal reasoning sometimes tricky?

Because the relationship between cause and effect can be unclear Signup and view all the answers

What are three tips for generating emotional appeal?

Use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction Signup and view all the answers

What is the appeal to tradition fallacy?

Assuming that something old is automatically better than something new Signup and view all the answers

What is the appeal to novelty fallacy?

Assuming that something new is automatically better than something old Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Public Speaking

Ethos: Refers to a speaker's credibility, emphasizing trustworthiness and authority on the topic.
Credibility: Influenced by competence (knowledge and skills) and character (moral integrity), affecting audience perception.

Types of Credibility

Initial Credibility: Established before a speaker begins their presentation.
Derived Credibility: Built through a speaker's performance and content during the speech.
Terminal Credibility: The credibility assessed by the audience at the conclusion of the speech.

Techniques for Connection

Creating Common Ground: A strategy for speakers to align with the audience's values and experiences to enhance engagement.

Logical Appeal

Logos: Logical appeal represented by evidence and reasoning used in speeches.
Reasoning: Involves drawing conclusions based on evidence. Key types include:
- Reasoning from Specific Instances: Moving from specific facts to broader conclusions.
- Reasoning from Principle: Inferring specific outcomes from general principles.
- Causal Reasoning: Establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
- Analogical Reasoning: Comparing similar cases to draw conclusions based on consistent outcomes.

Fallacies in Reasoning

Fallacy: An error in reasoning that can undermine arguments. Common fallacies include:
- Hasty Generalization: Conclusions drawn from insufficient evidence.
- False Cause: Mistakenly assuming one event causes another just because they occur sequentially.
- Invalid Analogy: Comparing cases that are not truly comparable.
- Bandwagon: Assuming popularity equates to correctness.
- Red Herring: Introducing irrelevant topics to divert from the main issue.
- Ad Hominem: Attacking the speaker rather than the argument.
- Either-Or: Presenting only two alternatives when more exist.
- Slippery Slope: Claiming a first step will inevitably lead to negative consequences.
- Appeal to Tradition: Assuming older ideas are inherently better.
- Appeal to Novelty: Assuming newer ideas are automatically superior.

Emotional Appeal

Pathos: Emotional appeal used to connect with the audience's feelings.
Enhancing Credibility: Tips include explaining competence, establishing common ground, and delivering speeches effectively.
Using Evidence: Logical and valid evidence strengthens arguments and enhances speaker credibility.

Generating Emotional Appeal

Techniques for creating emotional connections:
- Use of emotional language to resonate with the audience.
- Development of vivid examples that evoke emotion.
- Speaking with sincerity and conviction to build trust.

Ethical Considerations in Emotional Appeal

It's crucial to consider ethics when employing emotional appeals, as misuse can lead to manipulation and unethical persuasion.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 17 on communication, focusing on terms such as ethos and credibility. These flashcards will help reinforce your understanding of how credibility impacts a speaker's effectiveness. Perfect for students studying communication theories.