Common Health Problems in Toddlers Quiz

Burns Assessment

• Airway, Breathing: beware of inhalation and rapid airway compromise
• Circulation: fluid replacement
• Disability: compartment syndrome
• Exposure: percentage area of burn

Rule of 9s (Adults)

• A method to calculate the Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) affected by burns

Classification and Description of Burns

First Degree/Superficial Thickness

• Affects only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin
• Appears red, dry, and with no blisters
• Feels mildly painful
• Heals 1-10 days by simple regeneration
• Common cause: Sunburn

Second Degree/Partial Thickness

• Involves the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin
• Appears red, blistered, and may be swollen
• Very painful
• Heals over 2-6 weeks by tissue regeneration
• Common cause: Scalding

Third Degree/Full Thickness

• Involves the epidermis and full extent of dermis and may go into the subcutaneous tissue
• Appears white or charred and lacks sensation because the nerve endings are destroyed
• Skin grafting is usually necessary, healing takes months
• Scar tissue will cover the final healed site
• Common cause: Flames

Fourth Degree

• Full thickness burn extending into muscle and bone
• Skin grafting is necessary
• Muscle and bone may be permanently damaged

Lead Poisoning Treatment

• Lead levels >10-20 µg/100ml: prescribed dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) or succimer
• Lead levels >45µg/100ml: treated with Dimercaprol (BAL) or edetate calcium disodium (CaEDTA)
• ❖Don't give BAL to patients with peanuts allergy or G6PD deficiency

Child Maltreatment

• Willful injury by one person to another
• May be physical, emotional, or psychological, neglect, and sexual maltreatment

Theories of Child Maltreatment

1. Special Parent

• A parent has the potential to maltreat a child
• History of mental illness (10%)
• Maltreated as children
• Unfamiliar with Normal G&D
• Socially isolated
• Substance abuse

2. Special Child

• Children who are maltreated
• Parent views child as different
• Birth anomaly

3. Special Circumstance

• Stress

Child Maltreatment Reporting

• Mandatory reporters: professionals who are mandated by law to report child maltreatment
• Permissive reporters: encouraged to report suspected child abuse but are not required by law

Physical Abuse Indicators

• Bruises
• Burns
• Head injuries
• Eye injuries
• Mouth injuries
• Human bites
• Chunks of hair pulled off the scalp
• Repetitive accidents
• Multiple wound or fracture at different stages of healing

Shaken Baby Syndrome

• Repetitive violent shaking of a small infant by the arms or shoulders
• Causing a whiplash injury to the neck, edema of brainstem or possibly subdural or retinal hemorrhage

Physical Neglect

• Child is unwashed
• Thin and malnourished
• Dressed inappropriately
• Failure to bring child to seek early medical help
• Not requiring a child to attend school without setting up a home school

Psychological Maltreatment

• Constant belittling, threatening, rejecting, isolating, or exploiting a child

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

• Refers to a parent who repeatedly brings a child to a health care facility and reports symptoms and illness when the child is well

Sexual Maltreatment Indicators

• Difficulty walking or sitting
• Gross evidence of trauma in the genitalia, oral, or anal regions
• STI
• Pregnancy
• Weight loss

Implementation

• Protect the child from further injury or neglect
• Make sure that the child is free from further harm
• Remove the child from the abusive environment

Health Problems Common in Toddlers

• Burns
• Poisoning
• Child Abuse
• Cerebral Palsy

Toddler Development

1. Gross Motor

• Walking
• Running
• Climbing

2. Fine Motor

• Feeding themselves
• Drawing

3. Sensory/Cognitive

• Seeing
• Hearing
• Tasting
• Touching
• Smelling

4. Language/Communication (Speech)

• Saying single words
• Then sentences

5. Social/Emotional

• Playing with others
• Taking turns
• Doing fantasy play