Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of screening for common diseases?
What is the primary purpose of screening for common diseases?
- To eliminate the need for diagnostic examinations.
- To provide immediate treatment to symptomatic patients.
- To classify asymptomatic persons as likely or unlikely to have a disease. (correct)
- To replace traditional diagnostic methods.
Which type of screening involves the examination of a population as a whole?
Which type of screening involves the examination of a population as a whole?
- Multiple screening
- Opportunistic screening
- Target screening
- Mass screening (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective screening programs according to Wilson & Jungner’s criteria?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective screening programs according to Wilson & Jungner’s criteria?
- Screening must only occur in hospitals. (correct)
- Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available.
- There should be an accepted treatment for patients with recognized disease.
- The condition should be an important health problem.
What is a characteristic of an effective screening test?
What is a characteristic of an effective screening test?
Which kind of screening refers to using different tests at the same occasion?
Which kind of screening refers to using different tests at the same occasion?
What type of screening specifically targets groups at risk for certain diseases?
What type of screening specifically targets groups at risk for certain diseases?
Which of the following best describes opportunistic screening?
Which of the following best describes opportunistic screening?
What does early detection in screening aim to reduce?
What does early detection in screening aim to reduce?
Which condition requires screening through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis?
Which condition requires screening through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis?
What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis?
What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis?
Which screening is recommended for women aged 60-64 years?
Which screening is recommended for women aged 60-64 years?
How long is the preclinical phase for type 2 diabetes (DM)?
How long is the preclinical phase for type 2 diabetes (DM)?
Which of the following disorders is not commonly screened in newborns?
Which of the following disorders is not commonly screened in newborns?
What factor does NOT contribute to the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism?
What factor does NOT contribute to the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism?
What is the relationship between high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
What is the relationship between high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Which screening test is recommended for early detection of delayed growth in newborns?
Which screening test is recommended for early detection of delayed growth in newborns?
What is a key requirement for the effectiveness of case-finding programs?
What is a key requirement for the effectiveness of case-finding programs?
What is an advantage of early detection through screening?
What is an advantage of early detection through screening?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening?
What should be considered when assessing the cost of a screening test?
What should be considered when assessing the cost of a screening test?
What factor influences the yield of a screening test?
What factor influences the yield of a screening test?
What aspect does adequate education and training in preventive work entail?
What aspect does adequate education and training in preventive work entail?
What can be a consequence of false negative results in screening?
What can be a consequence of false negative results in screening?
What is indicated as an essential part of the pattern of financing preventive activities?
What is indicated as an essential part of the pattern of financing preventive activities?
At what age do expert groups generally recommend that women at average risk start screening mammography?
At what age do expert groups generally recommend that women at average risk start screening mammography?
What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of developing breast cancer by age 70?
What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of developing breast cancer by age 70?
How often should clinical breast examinations (CBE) be performed for women under 40 according to major authorities?
How often should clinical breast examinations (CBE) be performed for women under 40 according to major authorities?
Which group is advised to be referred for genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing?
Which group is advised to be referred for genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing?
What is the main benefit of HPV tests and Pap tests?
What is the main benefit of HPV tests and Pap tests?
At what ages do expert groups generally recommend low-dose computed tomography for current or former heavy smokers?
At what ages do expert groups generally recommend low-dose computed tomography for current or former heavy smokers?
What is a common risk factor associated with increased breast cancer risk?
What is a common risk factor associated with increased breast cancer risk?
How frequently should Pap smears be conducted for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?
How frequently should Pap smears be conducted for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?
What is the main benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy?
What is the main benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy?
At what ages do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for individuals at average risk?
At what ages do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for individuals at average risk?
Why is routine PSA testing no longer recommended for most men?
Why is routine PSA testing no longer recommended for most men?
What is the purpose of the CA-125 blood test?
What is the purpose of the CA-125 blood test?
What is a key characteristic of screening with a transvaginal ultrasound?
What is a key characteristic of screening with a transvaginal ultrasound?
What is the role of alpha-fetoprotein in cancer detection?
What is the role of alpha-fetoprotein in cancer detection?
What should women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations consider due to their increased cancer risk?
What should women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations consider due to their increased cancer risk?
Which statement is true regarding high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests?
Which statement is true regarding high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests?
What is an essential feature for a screening test according to the outlined criteria?
What is an essential feature for a screening test according to the outlined criteria?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening mentioned in the content?
Which aspect relates to the economic balance of case-finding?
Which aspect relates to the economic balance of case-finding?
What should be considered when assessing the acceptability of a screening test to the population?
What should be considered when assessing the acceptability of a screening test to the population?
What factor influences the need for adequate education and training in preventive work?
What factor influences the need for adequate education and training in preventive work?
What is a potential consequence of a continuous case-finding process?
What is a potential consequence of a continuous case-finding process?
Which is a key characteristic of effective preventive activities financing?
Which is a key characteristic of effective preventive activities financing?
Which of the following describes a limitation in the results of weak yield tests?
Which of the following describes a limitation in the results of weak yield tests?
What is the recommended frequency for clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women aged 20-39 years?
What is the recommended frequency for clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women aged 20-39 years?
Which group of women is specifically advised to undergo breast MRI imaging?
Which group of women is specifically advised to undergo breast MRI imaging?
At what age is genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing recommended for women?
At what age is genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing recommended for women?
Which screening method is effective in reducing lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers?
Which screening method is effective in reducing lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers?
What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis in women?
What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis in women?
What is the recommended screening interval for cervical cancer using Pap tests for women aged 21-65 years?
What is the recommended screening interval for cervical cancer using Pap tests for women aged 21-65 years?
Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of developing breast cancer?
Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of developing breast cancer?
Which condition is detected through the use of newborn screening?
Which condition is detected through the use of newborn screening?
Which age is recommended for beginning routine screening mammography for average risk women?
Which age is recommended for beginning routine screening mammography for average risk women?
In what way can individuals with high cholesterol effectively reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease?
In what way can individuals with high cholesterol effectively reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease?
What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of breast cancer by age 70?
What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of breast cancer by age 70?
What is the primary concern regarding the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism?
What is the primary concern regarding the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism?
Which screening is recommended for women aged 65 and older?
Which screening is recommended for women aged 65 and older?
What condition has a long preclinical phase of 10-12 years, allowing for significant screening opportunities?
What condition has a long preclinical phase of 10-12 years, allowing for significant screening opportunities?
What is a common risk factor associated with the onset of cancer?
What is a common risk factor associated with the onset of cancer?
What is a primary goal of screening programs in terms of disease management?
What is a primary goal of screening programs in terms of disease management?
Which metabolic disorder is typically screened for at birth?
Which metabolic disorder is typically screened for at birth?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective screening test?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective screening test?
What type of screening specifically involves examining patients with existing health care interactions for potential diseases?
What type of screening specifically involves examining patients with existing health care interactions for potential diseases?
Which principle of effective screening focuses on the availability of treatment after diagnosis?
Which principle of effective screening focuses on the availability of treatment after diagnosis?
Which form of screening utilizes various screening tests on the same occasion?
Which form of screening utilizes various screening tests on the same occasion?
What is a potential outcome of early disease detection via screening?
What is a potential outcome of early disease detection via screening?
Which of these describes the characteristic of the population targeted by targeted screening?
Which of these describes the characteristic of the population targeted by targeted screening?
What is a requirement for a screening test to be considered valid?
What is a requirement for a screening test to be considered valid?
What is the primary reason expert groups recommend colorectal cancer screening tests for individuals aged 45-75?
What is the primary reason expert groups recommend colorectal cancer screening tests for individuals aged 45-75?
What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test when screening for ovarian cancer?
What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test when screening for ovarian cancer?
For women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, what is a recommended preventive measure against ovarian cancer?
For women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, what is a recommended preventive measure against ovarian cancer?
What role does the alpha-fetoprotein test play in cancer detection?
What role does the alpha-fetoprotein test play in cancer detection?
What is a significant characteristic of the transvaginal ultrasound in relation to ovarian cancer?
What is a significant characteristic of the transvaginal ultrasound in relation to ovarian cancer?
What is a key characteristic of high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests in detecting colorectal cancer?
What is a key characteristic of high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests in detecting colorectal cancer?
What is the diagnostic challenge associated with the CA-125 blood test in cancer evaluation?
What is the diagnostic challenge associated with the CA-125 blood test in cancer evaluation?
What is the primary aim of screening programs in public health?
What is the primary aim of screening programs in public health?
What criteria should a screening test meet to be considered effective?
What criteria should a screening test meet to be considered effective?
What distinguishes opportunistic screening from other types of screening?
What distinguishes opportunistic screening from other types of screening?
According to Wilson & Jungner, why should the condition being screened be an important health problem?
According to Wilson & Jungner, why should the condition being screened be an important health problem?
What is 'mass screening' and how does it differ from 'target screening'?
What is 'mass screening' and how does it differ from 'target screening'?
What are two implications of early disease detection through screening?
What are two implications of early disease detection through screening?
What should be documented in a public screening policy according to the content?
What should be documented in a public screening policy according to the content?
How does effective screening influence the incidence of certain conditions?
How does effective screening influence the incidence of certain conditions?
What is a key requirement for an effective screening program regarding the natural history of the condition?
What is a key requirement for an effective screening program regarding the natural history of the condition?
Why is it important for a screening test to be acceptable to the population?
Why is it important for a screening test to be acceptable to the population?
What are potential negative consequences of false positive results in screening?
What are potential negative consequences of false positive results in screening?
How does continuous case-finding enhance the effectiveness of screening programs?
How does continuous case-finding enhance the effectiveness of screening programs?
What role does adequate education and training play in preventive work?
What role does adequate education and training play in preventive work?
In terms of economic balance, what should be considered for screening costs?
In terms of economic balance, what should be considered for screening costs?
What is a major advantage of early detection through screening?
What is a major advantage of early detection through screening?
Why is understanding the yield of a test essential in screening?
Why is understanding the yield of a test essential in screening?
What screening tests are typically performed for detecting congenital hypothyroidism in newborns?
What screening tests are typically performed for detecting congenital hypothyroidism in newborns?
Which inherited condition is commonly screened for during antenatal care?
Which inherited condition is commonly screened for during antenatal care?
What is one major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
What is one major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
What screening method is used to detect Down's syndrome in the fetus?
What screening method is used to detect Down's syndrome in the fetus?
Which risk factor is associated with osteoporosis and mentioned in the content?
Which risk factor is associated with osteoporosis and mentioned in the content?
What condition can newborn screening help identify related to metabolic disorders?
What condition can newborn screening help identify related to metabolic disorders?
What is the recommended cholesterol screening method mentioned in the content?
What is the recommended cholesterol screening method mentioned in the content?
Which screening is recommended for women over the age of 65 to assess osteoporosis risk?
Which screening is recommended for women over the age of 65 to assess osteoporosis risk?
At what age do expert groups generally recommend women at average risk to start screening mammography?
At what age do expert groups generally recommend women at average risk to start screening mammography?
What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?
What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?
What percentage risk do women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have of developing breast cancer by age 70?
What percentage risk do women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have of developing breast cancer by age 70?
Which test is often utilized for women with a harmful mutation in the BRCA genes?
Which test is often utilized for women with a harmful mutation in the BRCA genes?
What is one significant risk factor for developing breast cancer related to reproductive health?
What is one significant risk factor for developing breast cancer related to reproductive health?
For which population is low-dose computed tomography recommended for lung cancer screening?
For which population is low-dose computed tomography recommended for lung cancer screening?
How often do major authorities recommend clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women under 40?
How often do major authorities recommend clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women under 40?
What condition does HPV testing help to prevent by detecting abnormal cells?
What condition does HPV testing help to prevent by detecting abnormal cells?
What is the primary benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening?
What is the primary benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening?
At what age range do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for average-risk individuals?
At what age range do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for average-risk individuals?
What does the CA-125 blood test detect, and in which situation is it generally used?
What does the CA-125 blood test detect, and in which situation is it generally used?
For women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, what might be advised due to their increased risk of ovarian cancer?
For women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, what might be advised due to their increased risk of ovarian cancer?
What kind of tests are high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests used for?
What kind of tests are high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests used for?
What is the significance of performing a transvaginal ultrasound in women at increased risk for ovarian cancer?
What is the significance of performing a transvaginal ultrasound in women at increased risk for ovarian cancer?
What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test in ovarian cancer screening?
What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test in ovarian cancer screening?
What are the two screening tests used to detect Down's syndrome?
What are the two screening tests used to detect Down's syndrome?
What condition is characterized by the body's inability to metabolize phenylalanine?
What condition is characterized by the body's inability to metabolize phenylalanine?
Identify the major risk factor for osteoporosis based on weight.
Identify the major risk factor for osteoporosis based on weight.
Which screening is recommended for individuals to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Which screening is recommended for individuals to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
What common screening test is conducted in newborns to assess visual and auditory capabilities?
What common screening test is conducted in newborns to assess visual and auditory capabilities?
What is one of the primary recommendations for women aged 65 and older regarding osteoporosis?
What is one of the primary recommendations for women aged 65 and older regarding osteoporosis?
What lifestyle factor contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
What lifestyle factor contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
What is a necessary condition before beginning a screening process according to effective screening principles?
What is a necessary condition before beginning a screening process according to effective screening principles?
Identify one screening test that can help detect subclinical hypothyroidism.
Identify one screening test that can help detect subclinical hypothyroidism.
Why is it important to have an agreed policy on whom to treat as patients in screening programs?
Why is it important to have an agreed policy on whom to treat as patients in screening programs?
What role does understanding the natural history of a condition play in screening programs?
What role does understanding the natural history of a condition play in screening programs?
How does the cost of case-finding relate to overall medical care expenditure?
How does the cost of case-finding relate to overall medical care expenditure?
What is one disadvantage of screening that might lead to unnecessary interventions?
What is one disadvantage of screening that might lead to unnecessary interventions?
What is a potential consequence of conducting preventive programs as a 'once and for all' effort?
What is a potential consequence of conducting preventive programs as a 'once and for all' effort?
What should be considered when evaluating the acceptability of a screening test to the population?
What should be considered when evaluating the acceptability of a screening test to the population?
What is an essential component in financing preventive activities?
What is an essential component in financing preventive activities?
What is the primary advantage of early detection through screening programs?
What is the primary advantage of early detection through screening programs?
List two key requirements that a test must meet to be considered effective in a screening program.
List two key requirements that a test must meet to be considered effective in a screening program.
What differentiates opportunistic screening from other types of screening?
What differentiates opportunistic screening from other types of screening?
What principle of screening emphasizes the availability of treatment facilities for diagnosed patients?
What principle of screening emphasizes the availability of treatment facilities for diagnosed patients?
What is meant by 'mass screening' in the context of screening programs?
What is meant by 'mass screening' in the context of screening programs?
Identify a key condition that must be met for a screening program to be justified according to Wilson & Jungner's principles.
Identify a key condition that must be met for a screening program to be justified according to Wilson & Jungner's principles.
How do screening programs contribute to the incidence of diseases?
How do screening programs contribute to the incidence of diseases?
Explain the significance of reproducibility in screening test results.
Explain the significance of reproducibility in screening test results.
What impact does regular clinical breast examination (CBE) have for women over 50 years old?
What impact does regular clinical breast examination (CBE) have for women over 50 years old?
At what age do expert groups generally suggest initiating screening mammography for women at average risk?
At what age do expert groups generally suggest initiating screening mammography for women at average risk?
What is the significance of genetic counseling for women with a family history suggesting BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations?
What is the significance of genetic counseling for women with a family history suggesting BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations?
What screening method is recommended for current or former heavy smokers from ages 50 to 80?
What screening method is recommended for current or former heavy smokers from ages 50 to 80?
What is the purpose of HPV tests and Pap tests in women's health screening?
What is the purpose of HPV tests and Pap tests in women's health screening?
What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 years according to family medicine guidelines?
What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 years according to family medicine guidelines?
Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of breast cancer development?
Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of breast cancer development?
What is the focus of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer deaths specifically for women aged 50-69 years?
What is the focus of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer deaths specifically for women aged 50-69 years?
How do colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy contribute to colorectal cancer prevention?
How do colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy contribute to colorectal cancer prevention?
What is the rationale for not recommending routine PSA testing in most men?
What is the rationale for not recommending routine PSA testing in most men?
What populations may benefit from intensive screening or prophylactic surgery based on cancer genetics?
What populations may benefit from intensive screening or prophylactic surgery based on cancer genetics?
What is the significance of the CA-125 blood test in cancer detection?
What is the significance of the CA-125 blood test in cancer detection?
What is the recommended age range for average-risk individuals to initiate colorectal cancer screening?
What is the recommended age range for average-risk individuals to initiate colorectal cancer screening?
Why is transvaginal ultrasound sometimes used in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation?
Why is transvaginal ultrasound sometimes used in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation?
What dual testing method is often utilized for liver cancer detection?
What dual testing method is often utilized for liver cancer detection?
What type of cancer screening is CA-125 not recommended for, despite its use?
What type of cancer screening is CA-125 not recommended for, despite its use?
Flashcards
Screening Definition
Screening Definition
Using simple, inexpensive tests on many people to see if they might have a disease.
Screening Purpose
Screening Purpose
Reduce mortality, incidence, and severity of diseases by identifying and treating them in early stages, and improving options for treatment
Mass Screening
Mass Screening
Screening the entire population.
Multiple Screening
Multiple Screening
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Target Screening
Target Screening
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Opportunistic Screening
Opportunistic Screening
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Screening Test Characteristics
Screening Test Characteristics
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Wilson & Jungner Principles
Wilson & Jungner Principles
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Recognizable Latent Phase
Recognizable Latent Phase
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Suitable Test
Suitable Test
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Acceptable Test
Acceptable Test
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Disease Progression
Disease Progression
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Treatment Policy
Treatment Policy
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Cost-Effective Screening
Cost-Effective Screening
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Continuous Screening
Continuous Screening
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Training for Screening
Training for Screening
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Hepatitis B Screening
Hepatitis B Screening
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HIV Screening
HIV Screening
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Syphilis Screening
Syphilis Screening
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Thalassemia Screening
Thalassemia Screening
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Anomaly Scan
Anomaly Scan
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Spina Bifida Screening
Spina Bifida Screening
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Down Syndrome Screening
Down Syndrome Screening
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) Screening
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Screening
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CBE Recommendation for Women ≥ 50
CBE Recommendation for Women ≥ 50
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CBE Frequency for Women 20-39
CBE Frequency for Women 20-39
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Screening Mammography Age
Screening Mammography Age
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BRCA1/2 Mutations and MRI
BRCA1/2 Mutations and MRI
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BRCA1/2 Mutation Risk
BRCA1/2 Mutation Risk
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Low-Dose CT for Lung Cancer
Low-Dose CT for Lung Cancer
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HPV Tests & Pap Smears
HPV Tests & Pap Smears
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Pap Smear Frequency
Pap Smear Frequency
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Colonoscopy & Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy & Sigmoidoscopy
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High-Sensitivity Fecal Occult Blood Test
High-Sensitivity Fecal Occult Blood Test
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Stool DNA Tests
Stool DNA Tests
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PSA Test
PSA Test
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Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test
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CA-125 Blood Test
CA-125 Blood Test
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Transvaginal Ultrasound
Transvaginal Ultrasound
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BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation
BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation
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What is screening?
What is screening?
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What are the benefits of screening?
What are the benefits of screening?
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What are Wilson & Jungner's principles?
What are Wilson & Jungner's principles?
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What are the characteristics of a good screening test?
What are the characteristics of a good screening test?
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What is multiple screening?
What is multiple screening?
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Antenatal Screening
Antenatal Screening
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Newborn Screening
Newborn Screening
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Cholesterol Screening
Cholesterol Screening
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Osteoporosis Screening
Osteoporosis Screening
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Hypothyroidism Screening
Hypothyroidism Screening
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Cancer Screening
Cancer Screening
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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
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Why is screening important?
Why is screening important?
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What makes a good screening test?
What makes a good screening test?
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Who decides who gets screened?
Who decides who gets screened?
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Cost-effectiveness of screening
Cost-effectiveness of screening
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Why is training important for screening?
Why is training important for screening?
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Benefits of screening
Benefits of screening
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CBE for Women 50+
CBE for Women 50+
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CBE Frequency 20-39
CBE Frequency 20-39
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BRCA1/2 & MRI
BRCA1/2 & MRI
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BRCA1/2 Mutation
BRCA1/2 Mutation
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Screening
Screening
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Effective Screening Test Properties
Effective Screening Test Properties
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Latent Phase
Latent Phase
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CBE for Women ≥ 50
CBE for Women ≥ 50
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Colorectal Cancer Screening
Colorectal Cancer Screening
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PSA Test for Prostate Cancer
PSA Test for Prostate Cancer
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CA-125 Test for Ovarian Cancer
CA-125 Test for Ovarian Cancer
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BRCA1/BRCA2 Gene Mutations
BRCA1/BRCA2 Gene Mutations
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Prophylactic Surgery
Prophylactic Surgery
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Screening for Women with BRCA Mutations
Screening for Women with BRCA Mutations
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What is opportunistic screening?
What is opportunistic screening?
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What is target screening?
What is target screening?
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Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Screening
Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Screening
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What are the main benefits of screening?
What are the main benefits of screening?
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What are some disadvantages of screening?
What are some disadvantages of screening?
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Study Notes
Screening for Common Diseases
- Screening is the application of a simple, inexpensive test to a large group of people who don't have symptoms to determine if they are likely to have a disease.
- An initial examination is followed by a second diagnostic test for those who show positive results in the initial exam.
- Screening programs aim to reduce mortality, identify precursors to disease, determine severity, and allow for earlier treatment when more options are available.
Aims of Screening Programs
- Reduce mortality by early detection and treatment.
- Identify precursors to a condition (something that comes before it).
- Assess the severity of a condition.
- Identify disease or risk factors early in a person's life when more treatment options exist.
Types of Screening
- Mass Screening: Used for the entire population.
- Multiple Screening: Using multiple screening tests at the same time.
- Target Screening: Screening for groups who are at a higher risk of disease.
- Opportunistic Screening: Screening that happens when an opportunity arises, for example, when a person goes to a doctor for another reason.
Criteria of Screening Programs
- Inexpensive.
- Easy to administer.
- Minimal discomfort or morbidity to the participant.
- Reproducible results.
- Valid results.
- Capable of detecting disease before the critical point.
Wilson and Jungner Principles of Screening (WHO criteria)
- The condition should be a significant health problem.
- Treatment for recognized cases should be available.
- Diagnostic and treatment facilities should be available.
- There should be a recognizable latent or early symptomatic phase.
- A suitable test or examination should exist.
- The test should be acceptable to the population.
- The natural history of the condition (how it develops) should be understood.
- A policy for treating patients should be agreed upon.
- The cost of case finding should be balanced against medical care costs overall.
Prerequisites for Successful Screening
- Adequate education and training for those conducting screening.
- Clear plan for funding for those preventive programs.
- Preventive programs must follow established guidelines.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Screening
-
Advantages:*
-
Improve prognosis.
-
Provide reassurance based on negative results.
-
Reduce needed medical treatment for some diseases.
-
Provide a better understanding of disease progression.
-
Disadvantages:*
-
May only screen people who initiate contact, potentially missing some at risk.
-
Longer illness in cases where the prognosis isn't improved.
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False reassurance if the test is negative, or false positive risks.
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Anxiety and potential for morbidity with false positives.
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Unnecessary interventions due to false positive results.
Evaluation of Screening Tests
- Patient comfort and anxiety during testing.
- Time and cost.
- Resources available at the appropriate health service.
Screening for Specific Age Groups
- Antenatal:*
- Detecting pregnancy complications and fetal anomalies.
- Detecting communicable diseases (Hepatitis B, HIV, Syphilis).
- Identifying inherited conditions.
- Fetal screenings for conditions like spina bifida.
- Down's Syndrome.
- *Neonatal:**- Metabolic disorders like PKU
- Visual and auditory screening
- Adult:*
- Cardiovascular disease screening.
- Type 2 diabetes screening.
- Osteoporosis screening.
- Hypothyroidism screening.
- Cancer screening.
Age-specific screening tests
- Breast cancer: Mammograms and/or breast MRIs at suggested intervals based on risks.
- Lung cancer: Low-dose CT scans for heavy smokers aged 50-80.
- Cervical cancer: Pap smears every 3 years for ages 21-65.
Specific Diseases
- Osteoporosis: Screening for factors like smoking, weight loss, family history, calcium/vitamin D intakes, and a sedentary lifestyle. Risk factors other than age include weight <70kg, and no estrogen therapy.
- Hypothyroidism: Although possible to detect sub-clinical hypothyroidism, treatment does not improve health significantly
- Breast cancer: Family history, prolonged menstruation, hormonal therapies, obesity, smoking, pregnancy after 30, and previous uterine cancer are risk factors.
- Colorectal cancer: Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) can reduce risk of death.
- Prostate cancer: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam may be used in certain cases but not for all individuals.
- Liver cancer: Alpha-fetoprotein blood test often performed with ultrasound to detect early on.
- Ovarian cancer: CA-125 blood test and transvaginal ultrasound screening.
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Description
Explore the various methods and aims of screening for common diseases. This quiz covers mass, multiple, and target screening techniques, as well as their importance in reducing mortality and improving early detection. Test your knowledge on the principles and practices of health screening.
