أسئلة الخامسة كوميو - فاميلي (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of screening for common diseases?

  • To eliminate the need for diagnostic examinations.
  • To provide immediate treatment to symptomatic patients.
  • To classify asymptomatic persons as likely or unlikely to have a disease. (correct)
  • To replace traditional diagnostic methods.

    • Which type of screening involves the examination of a population as a whole?

  • Multiple screening
  • Opportunistic screening
  • Target screening
  • Mass screening (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective screening programs according to Wilson & Jungner’s criteria?

  • Screening must only occur in hospitals. (correct)
  • Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available.
  • There should be an accepted treatment for patients with recognized disease.
  • The condition should be an important health problem.

    • What is a characteristic of an effective screening test?

    <p>It must produce reproducible and valid results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of screening refers to using different tests at the same occasion?

    <p>Multiple screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of screening specifically targets groups at risk for certain diseases?

    <p>Target screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes opportunistic screening?

    <p>Examinations conducted during unrelated health care visits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does early detection in screening aim to reduce?

    <p>Mortality through early treatment of conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires screening through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis?

    <p>Down's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

    <p>Weight under 70 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening is recommended for women aged 60-64 years?

    <p>Osteoporosis screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the preclinical phase for type 2 diabetes (DM)?

    <p>10-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is not commonly screened in newborns?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT contribute to the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism?

    <p>Low calcium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

    <p>High cholesterol increases the risk for CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening test is recommended for early detection of delayed growth in newborns?

    <p>Height and weight screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for the effectiveness of case-finding programs?

    <p>The natural history of the condition should be well understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of early detection through screening?

    <p>It improves prognosis for certain cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening?

    <p>It can lead to unnecessary interventions for false-positive results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when assessing the cost of a screening test?

    <p>The time cost and resources used by healthcare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the yield of a screening test?

    <p>The extent of previous screening and the prevalence of unrecognized cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does adequate education and training in preventive work entail?

    <p>It must involve physicians and their co-workers with relevant skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of false negative results in screening?

    <p>False reassurance for patients regarding their health status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as an essential part of the pattern of financing preventive activities?

    <p>It must be economically balanced with overall medical expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do expert groups generally recommend that women at average risk start screening mammography?

    <p>50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of developing breast cancer by age 70?

    <p>35%-84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should clinical breast examinations (CBE) be performed for women under 40 according to major authorities?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is advised to be referred for genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing?

    <p>Women with family history associated with increased risk for BRCA mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of HPV tests and Pap tests?

    <p>They help prevent disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what ages do expert groups generally recommend low-dose computed tomography for current or former heavy smokers?

    <p>50 to 80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with increased breast cancer risk?

    <p>Starting sexual life early</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should Pap smears be conducted for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy?

    <p>They can reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what ages do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for individuals at average risk?

    <p>45-75 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is routine PSA testing no longer recommended for most men?

    <p>Most detected prostate cancers are not deadly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CA-125 blood test?

    <p>To detect ovarian cancer in women at risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of screening with a transvaginal ultrasound?

    <p>It can create images of the ovaries and uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha-fetoprotein in cancer detection?

    <p>It is used to detect liver cancer in high-risk individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations consider due to their increased cancer risk?

    <p>Intensive screening or prophylactic surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests?

    <p>They can indicate the presence of colorectal cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential feature for a screening test according to the outlined criteria?

    <p>The natural history of the condition must be understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of screening mentioned in the content?

    <p>False reassurance for those with false negative results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect relates to the economic balance of case-finding?

    <p>The cost of case-finding should relate to overall medical care expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when assessing the acceptability of a screening test to the population?

    <p>The comfort and understanding of the test by the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the need for adequate education and training in preventive work?

    <p>The skill level of community health workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a continuous case-finding process?

    <p>It may improve overall community health awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key characteristic of effective preventive activities financing?

    <p>Financial support must align with the community's health priorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a limitation in the results of weak yield tests?

    <p>They often lead to a high number of false positives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women aged 20-39 years?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of women is specifically advised to undergo breast MRI imaging?

    <p>Women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing recommended for women?

    <p>When a family history indicates increased risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening method is effective in reducing lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers?

    <p>Low-dose computed tomography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for developing osteoporosis in women?

    <p>Weight of less than 70 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended screening interval for cervical cancer using Pap tests for women aged 21-65 years?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of developing breast cancer?

    <p>Early marriage and start of sexual life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is detected through the use of newborn screening?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age is recommended for beginning routine screening mammography for average risk women?

    <p>At age 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can individuals with high cholesterol effectively reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>By engaging in regular vigorous physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of breast cancer by age 70?

    <p>35%-84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism?

    <p>There is a risk of over-treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening is recommended for women aged 65 and older?

    <p>Osteoporosis screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition has a long preclinical phase of 10-12 years, allowing for significant screening opportunities?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with the onset of cancer?

    <p>Low levels of physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of screening programs in terms of disease management?

    <p>To classify individuals based on their likelihood of having the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic disorder is typically screened for at birth?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective screening test?

    <p>Requires multiple hospital visits for accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of screening specifically involves examining patients with existing health care interactions for potential diseases?

    <p>Opportunistic screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of effective screening focuses on the availability of treatment after diagnosis?

    <p>There should be an accepted treatment for recognized disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of screening utilizes various screening tests on the same occasion?

    <p>Multiple screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of early disease detection via screening?

    <p>Reduction in mortality through treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the characteristic of the population targeted by targeted screening?

    <p>Groups at higher risk for specific diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for a screening test to be considered valid?

    <p>Reliable results across different populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason expert groups recommend colorectal cancer screening tests for individuals aged 45-75?

    <p>To detect colorectal cancer and remove precursors before they develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test when screening for ovarian cancer?

    <p>It has not proven effective as a routine screening method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, what is a recommended preventive measure against ovarian cancer?

    <p>Prophylactic surgery or intensive screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the alpha-fetoprotein test play in cancer detection?

    <p>To detect early liver cancer in high-risk individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the transvaginal ultrasound in relation to ovarian cancer?

    <p>It creates images that assist in evaluating the risk in women with BRCA mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests in detecting colorectal cancer?

    <p>They can indicate the presence of cancer before symptoms appear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic challenge associated with the CA-125 blood test in cancer evaluation?

    <p>Elevated levels can also indicate benign conditions, leading to false diagnoses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of screening programs in public health?

    <p>To reduce mortality and morbidity by early detection and treatment of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criteria should a screening test meet to be considered effective?

    <p>The test should be inexpensive, easy to administer, reproducible, and valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes opportunistic screening from other types of screening?

    <p>Opportunistic screening occurs when individuals are examined during other healthcare visits for unrelated complaints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wilson & Jungner, why should the condition being screened be an important health problem?

    <p>Screening should focus on conditions that significantly impact health outcomes to justify its implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'mass screening' and how does it differ from 'target screening'?

    <p>Mass screening involves testing the entire population, while target screening is focused on groups at risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two implications of early disease detection through screening?

    <p>It can lower the severity of the condition and provide more treatment options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be documented in a public screening policy according to the content?

    <p>The aims of the screening programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does effective screening influence the incidence of certain conditions?

    <p>It identifies and treats precursors, thus preventing the onset of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for an effective screening program regarding the natural history of the condition?

    <p>The natural history of the condition must be adequately understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a screening test to be acceptable to the population?

    <p>An acceptable screening test encourages participation and compliance among the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential negative consequences of false positive results in screening?

    <p>False positive results can cause anxiety and unnecessary interventions for patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does continuous case-finding enhance the effectiveness of screening programs?

    <p>Continuous case-finding ensures ongoing detection and management of cases, rather than a one-time effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does adequate education and training play in preventive work?

    <p>Adequate education and training equip healthcare providers with the necessary skills for effective preventive strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of economic balance, what should be considered for screening costs?

    <p>The costs of case-finding should be balanced with potential expenditures on overall medical care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of early detection through screening?

    <p>Early detection can improve the prognosis for cases identified through screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the yield of a test essential in screening?

    <p>Understanding the yield helps assess the effectiveness of the test in detecting unrecognized cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What screening tests are typically performed for detecting congenital hypothyroidism in newborns?

    <p>Thyroid function tests are typically performed in newborns to screen for congenital hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inherited condition is commonly screened for during antenatal care?

    <p>Thalassemia is commonly screened for during antenatal care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Obesity is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What screening method is used to detect Down's syndrome in the fetus?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are used to detect Down's syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with osteoporosis and mentioned in the content?

    <p>A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor associated with osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can newborn screening help identify related to metabolic disorders?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU) can be identified through newborn screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cholesterol screening method mentioned in the content?

    <p>Cholesterol screening is performed by a blood test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening is recommended for women over the age of 65 to assess osteoporosis risk?

    <p>Routine screening for osteoporosis is recommended for all women over 65.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do expert groups generally recommend women at average risk to start screening mammography?

    <p>Age 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 according to family medicine guidelines?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage risk do women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have of developing breast cancer by age 70?

    <p>35%-84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is often utilized for women with a harmful mutation in the BRCA genes?

    <p>Breast MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant risk factor for developing breast cancer related to reproductive health?

    <p>Early marriage and start of sexual life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which population is low-dose computed tomography recommended for lung cancer screening?

    <p>Current or former heavy smokers aged 50 to 80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do major authorities recommend clinical breast examinations (CBE) for women under 40?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does HPV testing help to prevent by detecting abnormal cells?

    <p>Cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening?

    <p>They can detect colorectal cancer early and remove polyps before they develop into cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do expert groups generally recommend colorectal cancer screening for average-risk individuals?

    <p>Ages 45-75 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CA-125 blood test detect, and in which situation is it generally used?

    <p>It is used to detect ovarian cancer, particularly in women with increased risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, what might be advised due to their increased risk of ovarian cancer?

    <p>They may benefit from intensive screening or prophylactic surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tests are high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests used for?

    <p>They are used for screening for colorectal cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of performing a transvaginal ultrasound in women at increased risk for ovarian cancer?

    <p>It creates images of the ovaries and uterus to help in early detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the CA-125 blood test in ovarian cancer screening?

    <p>It has not been shown to be an effective screening test for asymptomatic women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two screening tests used to detect Down's syndrome?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the body's inability to metabolize phenylalanine?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the major risk factor for osteoporosis based on weight.

    <p>A weight of less than 70 kg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening is recommended for individuals to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Screening for impaired glucose tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common screening test is conducted in newborns to assess visual and auditory capabilities?

    <p>Visual and auditory screening tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary recommendations for women aged 65 and older regarding osteoporosis?

    <p>Routine screening for osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition before beginning a screening process according to effective screening principles?

    <p>There should be a recognizable latent or early symptomatic phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one screening test that can help detect subclinical hypothyroidism.

    <p>Thyroid function tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have an agreed policy on whom to treat as patients in screening programs?

    <p>To ensure that treatment focuses on those at higher risk, optimizing resource use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does understanding the natural history of a condition play in screening programs?

    <p>It aids in identifying the progression from latent to declared disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cost of case-finding relate to overall medical care expenditure?

    <p>It should be economically balanced in relation to possible expenditure on medical care as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of screening that might lead to unnecessary interventions?

    <p>Unnecessary intervention for those with false positive results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of conducting preventive programs as a 'once and for all' effort?

    <p>It may fail to address ongoing health needs and emerging cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when evaluating the acceptability of a screening test to the population?

    <p>The test's potential discomfort and associated anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component in financing preventive activities?

    <p>A clear pattern of financing that supports sustainable preventive measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of early detection through screening programs?

    <p>Early detection reduces mortality by allowing timely treatment of conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two key requirements that a test must meet to be considered effective in a screening program.

    <p>The test must be inexpensive and easy to administer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates opportunistic screening from other types of screening?

    <p>Opportunistic screening occurs when health care providers screen patients during other health visits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of screening emphasizes the availability of treatment facilities for diagnosed patients?

    <p>The principle highlights that facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be accessible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'mass screening' in the context of screening programs?

    <p>Mass screening refers to screening conducted on the entire population regardless of individual risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a key condition that must be met for a screening program to be justified according to Wilson & Jungner's principles.

    <p>The condition should be an important health problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do screening programs contribute to the incidence of diseases?

    <p>They help lower incidence by identifying and treating disease precursors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of reproducibility in screening test results.

    <p>Reproducibility ensures that test results are consistent across different populations and settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does regular clinical breast examination (CBE) have for women over 50 years old?

    <p>It is recommended for early detection of breast cancer, potentially reducing mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do expert groups generally suggest initiating screening mammography for women at average risk?

    <p>At age 50.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic counseling for women with a family history suggesting BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations?

    <p>It helps assess their risk and determine the need for BRCA testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What screening method is recommended for current or former heavy smokers from ages 50 to 80?

    <p>Low-dose computed tomography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of HPV tests and Pap tests in women's health screening?

    <p>They allow for the detection and treatment of abnormal cells before they develop into cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for Pap smears for women aged 21-65 years according to family medicine guidelines?

    <p>Every 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of breast cancer development?

    <p>Having a clinical history of HPV infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer deaths specifically for women aged 50-69 years?

    <p>It significantly decreases mortality rates in this age group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy contribute to colorectal cancer prevention?

    <p>They can identify and remove polyps before they develop into cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for not recommending routine PSA testing in most men?

    <p>Most prostate cancers detected are not life-threatening, and early treatment does not reduce mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What populations may benefit from intensive screening or prophylactic surgery based on cancer genetics?

    <p>Women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the CA-125 blood test in cancer detection?

    <p>It assists in the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer, particularly in symptomatic women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age range for average-risk individuals to initiate colorectal cancer screening?

    <p>Screening is recommended for ages 45 to 75 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is transvaginal ultrasound sometimes used in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation?

    <p>To create images of the ovaries and uterus for early cancer detection surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dual testing method is often utilized for liver cancer detection?

    <p>Alpha-fetoprotein blood test combined with ultrasound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer screening is CA-125 not recommended for, despite its use?

    <p>General ovarian cancer screening in asymptomatic women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Screening for Common Diseases

    • Screening is the application of a simple, inexpensive test to a large group of people who don't have symptoms to determine if they are likely to have a disease.
    • An initial examination is followed by a second diagnostic test for those who show positive results in the initial exam.
    • Screening programs aim to reduce mortality, identify precursors to disease, determine severity, and allow for earlier treatment when more options are available.

    Aims of Screening Programs

    • Reduce mortality by early detection and treatment.
    • Identify precursors to a condition (something that comes before it).
    • Assess the severity of a condition.
    • Identify disease or risk factors early in a person's life when more treatment options exist.

    Types of Screening

    • Mass Screening: Used for the entire population.
    • Multiple Screening: Using multiple screening tests at the same time.
    • Target Screening: Screening for groups who are at a higher risk of disease.
    • Opportunistic Screening: Screening that happens when an opportunity arises, for example, when a person goes to a doctor for another reason.

    Criteria of Screening Programs

    • Inexpensive.
    • Easy to administer.
    • Minimal discomfort or morbidity to the participant.
    • Reproducible results.
    • Valid results.
    • Capable of detecting disease before the critical point.

    Wilson and Jungner Principles of Screening (WHO criteria)

    • The condition should be a significant health problem.
    • Treatment for recognized cases should be available.
    • Diagnostic and treatment facilities should be available.
    • There should be a recognizable latent or early symptomatic phase.
    • A suitable test or examination should exist.
    • The test should be acceptable to the population.
    • The natural history of the condition (how it develops) should be understood.
    • A policy for treating patients should be agreed upon.
    • The cost of case finding should be balanced against medical care costs overall.

    Prerequisites for Successful Screening

    • Adequate education and training for those conducting screening.
    • Clear plan for funding for those preventive programs.
    • Preventive programs must follow established guidelines.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Screening

    • Advantages:*

    • Improve prognosis.

    • Provide reassurance based on negative results.

    • Reduce needed medical treatment for some diseases.

    • Provide a better understanding of disease progression.

    • Disadvantages:*

    • May only screen people who initiate contact, potentially missing some at risk.

    • Longer illness in cases where the prognosis isn't improved.

    • False reassurance if the test is negative, or false positive risks.

    • Anxiety and potential for morbidity with false positives.

    • Unnecessary interventions due to false positive results.

    Evaluation of Screening Tests

    • Patient comfort and anxiety during testing.
    • Time and cost.
    • Resources available at the appropriate health service.

    Screening for Specific Age Groups

    • Antenatal:*
    • Detecting pregnancy complications and fetal anomalies.
    • Detecting communicable diseases (Hepatitis B, HIV, Syphilis).
    • Identifying inherited conditions.
    • Fetal screenings for conditions like spina bifida.
    • Down's Syndrome.
    • *Neonatal:**- Metabolic disorders like PKU
    • Visual and auditory screening
    • Adult:*
    • Cardiovascular disease screening.
    • Type 2 diabetes screening.
    • Osteoporosis screening.
    • Hypothyroidism screening.
    • Cancer screening.

    Age-specific screening tests

    • Breast cancer: Mammograms and/or breast MRIs at suggested intervals based on risks.
    • Lung cancer: Low-dose CT scans for heavy smokers aged 50-80.
    • Cervical cancer: Pap smears every 3 years for ages 21-65.

    Specific Diseases

    • Osteoporosis: Screening for factors like smoking, weight loss, family history, calcium/vitamin D intakes, and a sedentary lifestyle. Risk factors other than age include weight <70kg, and no estrogen therapy.
    • Hypothyroidism: Although possible to detect sub-clinical hypothyroidism, treatment does not improve health significantly
    • Breast cancer: Family history, prolonged menstruation, hormonal therapies, obesity, smoking, pregnancy after 30, and previous uterine cancer are risk factors.
    • Colorectal cancer: Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) can reduce risk of death.
    • Prostate cancer: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam may be used in certain cases but not for all individuals.
    • Liver cancer: Alpha-fetoprotein blood test often performed with ultrasound to detect early on.
    • Ovarian cancer: CA-125 blood test and transvaginal ultrasound screening.

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    Community 5 Screening PDF

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    Explore the various methods and aims of screening for common diseases. This quiz covers mass, multiple, and target screening techniques, as well as their importance in reducing mortality and improving early detection. Test your knowledge on the principles and practices of health screening.

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