Colonial Rivalries in North America

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Questions and Answers

What were the two main reasons why France and Great Britain wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territories in North America?

To control the fur trade and expand their territories.

Why did France and England fight each other in four wars during the 17th and 18th centuries?

They fought each other in four wars due to competing territorial claims and control of the fur trade.

In 1689, England and many other European nations formed an alliance and declared war against France to end France's territorial expansion in Europe.

They formed an alliance and declared war against France.

Who were the main combatants in the first Intercolonial War, and what did they do?

<p>The main combatants were France, the mother country, and Native allies who attacked the Thirteen Colonies using guerrilla warfare, and England and its colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the Peace Treaty of Ryswick in 1697?

<p>France won but there were no changes in territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the British attempt to do during the First Intercolonial War?

<p>They tried to capture Quebec City.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event triggered the War of the Austrian Succession? What did this war involve in North America?

<p>The succession of the Austrian throne triggered another war between France and Great Britain in North America, involving British capture of Louisbourg but the French won the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748?

<p>France regained Louisbourg, no territorial loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the fortress of Louisbourg?

<p>It was a military and naval base built by France to protect the entrance of the St-Lawrence River, seen as a key position in their North American Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fortress of Louisbourg was supposed to be impenetrable.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the other attempts France made to diversify its economy?

<p>They attempted to diversify the economy through tobacco farming, sawmills, hemp and flax production, timber and iron works, and shipyards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main economic staple for the French in New France?

<p>The fur trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the new culture that emerged in New France? What were the people that were part of this culture called?

<p>The French regime, a new culture, that of the Canadiens (habitants), emerged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the main ways the Canadiens differed from people in France?

<p>They felt a sense of belonging to New France rather than France, had a more independent spirit, more liberties, and adopted Indigenous practices, such as snowshoes, canoes, and fur clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Colonial Rivalries

France and Great Britain wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territory in North America.

Rupert's Land

The territory around Hudson's Bay, claimed by both France and Great Britain.

Intercolonial Wars

Four wars between France and England in the 17th and 18th centuries, spilling over into their colonies in North America.

The War of the League of Augsburg

The first of four intercolonial wars, fought between 1689 and 1697.

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League of Augsburg

An alliance of England and other European nations against France's expansion in Europe.

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Hit-and-run attacks

Guerilla Warfare.

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Defense of Quebec City

Governor Frontenac's successful defense of Quebec City during the War of the League of Augsburg.

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Peace Treaty of Ryswick

The peace treaty ending the War of the League of Augsburg in 1697, leaving territorial boundaries unchanged.

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The War of Spanish Succession

The second intercolonial war, fought between 1701 and 1713.

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Culture of the Canadians (habitants)

The unique culture developed by the colonists of New France, adapting to the environment and societal needs.

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Social Hierarchy

The contrasting social hierarchy between New France and France, less hierarchical in the colony.

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Sense of Belonging

The strong sense of identity and belonging colonists felt towards New France rather than France.

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Adapting Indigenous Culture

The integration of Indigenous practices such as snowshoes, canoes, and fur clothing into the Canadian culture.

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Raising Families

The more independent and free-spirited upbringing of children in New France, with larger families.

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Economic Diversification

Attempts by officials to diversify the economy of New France beyond the fur trade.

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Iron Discovery

The discovery of iron near Trois-Rivieres, leading to metalworking and shipbuilding.

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Fur Trade Dominance

The central economic activity in New France, despite efforts to diversify.

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The War of the Austrian Succession

The third intercolonial war, fought between 1744 and 1748.

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Louisbourg

A fortress built by France on Cape Breton Island, serving as a military and naval base.

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Capture of Louisbourg

The British capture of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession.

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Peace Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle

The peace treaty ending the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, with France regaining Louisbourg.

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The Seven Years War

The fourth and final intercolonial war, fought between 1756 and 1763, deciding the fate of New France.

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Trading Post Colony (Company Rule)

The initial stage of colonization in New France, characterized by trading posts and a focus on fur trade.

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Settlement Colony (Royal Government)

The second stage of colonization in New France, with a shift towards settlement and a diversified economy.

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Mutual Influences

The influence of Indigenous peoples and Europeans on each other in various aspects of life.

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Purpose of New France Under Company Rule

The main purpose of New France under company control was to exploit the fur trade for profit.

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Trading Post Colony

The trading post model of colonization in New France required a small number of people for profitability.

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Dependence on France

New France's dependence on France for economic and social support, highlighting its vulnerability.

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Demographic Imbalance

The demographic imbalance in New France with significantly more men than women, slowing down population growth.

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Study Notes

Colonial Rivalries in North America

  • France and Great Britain wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territory.
  • Both mother countries contested the territory around the Hudson's Bay (known as Rupert's Land) as their own.
  • In the 17th and 18th centuries, France and England fought each other in four wars.
  • These conflicts led their colonies, New France and the Thirteen Colonies, to war as well.

The Major Wars between 1689 and 1748

  • First Intercolonial War: The War of the League of Augsburg 1689-1697

    • In 1689, England and many other European nations formed an alliance and declared war against France to end France's territorial expansion in Europe.
    • Since the mother countries were at war, so were New France and the Thirteen Colonies.
    • The French and Native allies attacked the Thirteen colonies using guerrilla warfare. (hit and run attacks)
    • The British attempted to capture Quebec City but Governor Frontenac successfully defended the city.
    • Peace Treaty of Ryswick 1697
      • France wins the war.
      • No changes in territory.

  • Second Intercolonial War: The War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713

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