Colonial Economies and Native American Life

Colonial economies reflected geography: New England focused on shipbuilding, fishing, and trade due to rocky soil; Southern colonies relied on agriculture because of fertile land. The Proclamation of 1763 limited westward expansion to prevent Native American conflicts. Mercantilism benefited the mother country, while Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade. The Middle Colonies had diverse populations and fertile land, showcasing sustainable Native American cultures.

European Treatment of Native Americans

• France maintained better relationships, prioritizing fur trade and alliances over conquest.
• French had Native American allies during the French and Indian War.

Albany Plan of Union

• Purpose: To unite colonies for defense against French threats.
• First attempt at colonial unity.
• "Join or Die" cartoon illustrated the importance of unity.

Repeal of Stamp Act and Townshend Duties

• Colonial boycotts of British goods harmed the British economy, prompting repeal.

Sugar Act

• Tax on sugar and molasses to raise revenue.
• Protests arose due to "taxation without representation."

Bill of Rights Amendments

• 1st: Freedom of speech, religion, and press.
• 2nd: Right to bear arms.
• 4th: Protection against unlawful searches and seizures.
• 10th: Reserves powers not given to federal government to the states.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Suppressed opposition to the Federalist government.
• Led to anger from Democratic-Republicans who viewed it as unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland

• Marbury v. Madison: Established the Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.
• McCulloch v. Maryland: Strengthened federal power, ruling states cannot tax national bank.

Strict vs. Loose Constructionists

• Strict constructionists: Literal interpretation of the Constitution.
• Loose constructionists: Flexible interpretation of the Constitution.
• Led to debates over federal power and policies.

War of 1812

• Causes: Impressment of US sailors, war hawks advocating for war.
• Result: Treaty of Ghent (ended the war), increased US nationalism.

Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled the size of the US, enabling westward expansion.
• Purchased from France by Jefferson.

Washington's Beliefs for National Success

• Unity.
• Neutrality in foreign affairs.
• Avoidance of political factions.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

• Stabilized the US economy by assuming state debts, creating a national bank, and promoting manufacturing.
• Long-term goal: Strengthened federal power, built credit.

Pinckney's Treaty

• Granted US access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade.

Missouri Compromise

• Balanced free and slave states.
• Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state.
• Banned slavery above a certain latitude.

Worcester v. Georgia

• Recognized Native American sovereignty.
• Supreme Court ruling ignored by Andrew Jackson, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
• Argued for states' right to nullify federal laws.

Southern Slavery

• Crucial to the Southern economy.
• Harsh treatment.
• Southerners claimed slavery was necessary.

Embargo Act of 1807

• Closed US ports to prevent British and French interference.
• Hurt the US economy.

Manifest Destiny

• Belief of US westward expansion.
• Led to displacement of Native Americans.
• Increased sectional tensions.

Compromise of 1850

• Resolved issues from the Mexican-American War.
• California as a free state.
• Popular sovereignty in new territories.

Fort Sumter

• First attack, marking the beginning of the Civil War.

Articles of Confederation

• Lack of taxing power created a weak federal government.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Leaders

• Federalists: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams.
• Anti-Federalists: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry.

Washington's Farewell Address

• Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

Washington's Neutrality Act

• Kept the US out of European conflicts.