POL S - Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of mercantilism?

  • To enrich the colonies at the expense of the mother country
  • To use military power to enrich the imperial government and its supporters (correct)
  • To establish independent economies in the colonies
  • To promote free trade among all nations

The Peace of Westphalia strengthened the borders of the belligerents and resolved all religious conflicts.

False (B)

What term describes the predominance of one nation state over others?

hegemony

Under mercantilism, the most costly restriction for the 13 colonies was the ‘enumeration’ of certain goods, which meant they could only be exported to ______.

<p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Mercantilism = System where imperial governments use military power to enrich themselves Sovereignty = Legal and political supremacy within territorial boundaries Hegemony = Predominance of one nation-state over others Enumeration = Restriction that certain goods could only be exported to Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of mercantilism on the relationship between the mother country and its colonies?

<p>It led to the systematic economic exploitation of the colonies for the benefit of the mother country (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1700, the world was controlled by Asian nations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of colonists were the principal losers under the mercantilist system due to 'enumeration'?

<p>tobacco and rice planters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study of international relations according to the text?

<p>Understanding the ebb and flow of conflict and cooperation among nations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individual countries maintain consistent and unchanging relationships with other nations over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three main factors contribute to the interactions between nations?

<p>interests, interactions, and institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system that arose from and mediates interactions between nations are known as international ______.

<p>institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definition according to the text:

<p>Mercantilism = An economic policy focused on increasing exports and limiting imports Sovereignty = The supreme authority of a state within its own borders Hegemony = Leadership or dominance of one power over others Pax Britannica = Period of relative peace in the 19th century under British dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of tobacco grown in the Virginia colony being exported only to Britain is an example of which of the following?

<p>Mercantilism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period between 1815 and 1914, during which relations among European powers were relatively calm, is known as:

<p>The Pax Britannica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Holy Alliance of 1815 was established by Prussia, Russia, and Austria mainly to support revolutionary movements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the system under which major European powers consulted with one another on important diplomatic affairs during the 19th century?

<p>Concert of Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system of monetary relations where a country promised to exchange its currency for gold at a pre-established rate is known as the ______.

<p>gold standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to increased cooperation among European powers during the Pax Britannica?

<p>Increased military conflicts between major powers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of British manufacturers importing cheaper raw materials and food on worker's wages?

<p>Factory owners could pay lower wages without reducing workers’ standard of living (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the period between 1870 and 1914, the international monetary system was based on which standard?

<p>The gold standard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the late 19th century, which regions did imperial powers focus their renewed efforts at colonization?

<p>poorer regions of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events contributed to the collapse of Europe's diplomatic balance?

<p>The Thirty Years' Crisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

World War I resolved the underlying political tensions in Europe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty formally ended World War I?

<p>Treaty of Versailles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the League of Nations?

<p>collective security</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Versailles imposed payments of ________ on Germany.

<p>reparations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What global event began in 1929 and caused severe hardship worldwide?

<p>The Great Depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was NOT part of the Axis powers during World War II?

<p>Britain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Soviet Union and the United States were allies during World War II.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the military alliance formed by the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe?

<p>NATO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the collaborative economic order established, involving the US, after WWII?

<p>Bretton Woods System</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ was the Soviet Union's counter alliance to NATO.

<p>Warsaw Pact</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bretton Woods System aimed to encourage the freer movement of goods and capital.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following entities with their descriptions:

<p>GATT = Oversaw reduction in trade barriers IMF = Supervised a restored gold-dollar standard World Bank = Encouraged private investment in developing nations NATO = Military alliance against the Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was divided into four zones after the German surrender?

<p>Germany (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country allied itself with the Soviet Union, after a revolution?

<p>Cuba</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agreement was reached between the US and the Soviet Union regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis?

<p>The Soviets would dismantle their missiles in Cuba if the US withdrew its nuclear missiles from Turkey. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decolonization refers to the process of colonial powers strengthening their control over colonies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does OPEC stand for?

<p>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The European Union removed all barriers to the movement of goods and capital among member states in _______.

<p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organizations/agreements with their function:

<p>European Union = Removed barriers to the movement of goods and capital among member states NAFTA = Removed many economic barriers among the US, Canada, and Mexico UN Security Council = Can veto any substantive resolution within the Security Council. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action = Committed Iran to measures intended to ensure that it would not develop nuclear weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor that contributed to the weakening of European empires after World War II?

<p>Their ability to sustain colonies by force had diminished. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The developing world became less reliant on its own markets and products and more on economic ties with industrialized nations during the decolonization period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of many newly independent nations in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean following WWII?

<p>Problems inherent in the relationship between rich industrialized nations and poor developing countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Soviet Union dissolve?

<p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

The United States, Canada and Mexico created the ______ in 1994.

<p>NAFTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their actions or roles:

<p>Ronald Reagan = Increased U.S. military spending with respect to the U.S-Soviet rivalry Barack Obama = Attempted to contain the expansion of Chinese influence in Asia Donald J. Trump = Attempted to limit the expansion of Chinese influence in Asia ISIS = Declared its intent to establish a worldwide caliphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that contributed to the end of the Cold War?

<p>The dissolution of the Soviet Union into 15 new non-communist countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) was less extreme than Al Qaeda.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries can veto any substantive resolution within the UN Security Council?

<p>France (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What new currency did many members of the European Union adopt in 1999?

<p>Euro</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sovereignty

The idea that a country has ultimate authority within its borders, dictating laws, policies, and how it's run.

Mercantilism

A system where a country uses its military power to get rich, then uses that wealth to strengthen its army even more.

Hegemony

The dominance of one country over others, especially in terms of power and influence.

Peace of Westphalia

A treaty that settled European wars after a long period of conflict, establishing borders and attempting to resolve religious disputes.

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Enumerated Goods

A policy where certain goods from colonies could only be exported to the mother country.

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Uneven Burden

The term used to describe how the burdens of mercantilism impacted different colonists unevenly.

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Economic Domination

The ability to manipulate trade and other economic activities to generate financial gain for the government and its supporters.

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European Expansion

The period after 1492, where European nations used military force to expand their power and influence across the globe.

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Nonintervention

A policy where a country decides not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.

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Pax Britannica

A period of relative peace and stability in Europe from 1815 to 1914, characterized by a balance of power and cooperation among major powers.

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Free Trade

A system based on the principle of free trade, where goods and services can move freely across national borders without tariffs or restrictions.

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Gold Standard

An international monetary system in which the value of each currency is pegged to a fixed amount of gold.

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Colonial Imperialism

The practice of one state expanding its territory and influence over other territories through conquest, colonization, or other means.

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Imperialism

The control and influence by a single nation over a large number of other countries through military, economic, or cultural power.

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The Thirty Years' Crisis

The period from 1919-1945 marked by instability and global conflicts, following World War I.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ended World War I and imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including reparations payments.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations, established in 1919, aimed to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. However, it failed to prevent World War II.

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Interwar Instability

This period was marked by economic instability, political turmoil, and the rise of fascism in Europe and Japan.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression, starting in 1929, was a severe global economic downturn that exacerbated existing tensions and contributed to the rise of extremist ideologies.

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Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan, who sought territorial expansion and military dominance, formed the Axis powers in 1940.

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Allied Powers

The Allies, led by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, opposed the Axis powers in World War II.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, characterized by ideological and political rivalry.

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The US Superpower

The United States emerged as a global superpower, leading the Western bloc and establishing institutions like NATO and the Bretton Woods System.

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The Soviet Superpower

The Soviet Union, with its communist ideology, also rose to superpower status, leading the Eastern bloc and creating alliances like the Warsaw Pact.

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NATO

NATO, formed in 1949, was a military alliance between the US, Canada, and Western European countries, meant to counter the Soviet Union's influence.

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Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods System, established in 1944, aimed to stabilize the global economy by creating institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

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Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact, created in 1955, was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies, meant to counter NATO.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 was a tense standoff between the US and the Soviet Union, fueled by the Soviet Union's deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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Decolonization

The process of colonial possessions winning independence.

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The Rise of the Developing World

The period after World War II where many new nations, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, gained independence from colonial rule.

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The Cold War

The period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, characterized by a military arms race. The two blocs avoided direct military confrontation, but engaged in proxy wars.

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International Financial Institutions

A series of institutions established during the post-WWII period to facilitate international economic cooperation and promote trade.

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OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a group of oil-producing countries that aim to coordinate and unify their oil policies.

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The Cold War Thaws

The thaw refers to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, marked by a reduction in tensions and arms race.

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The Cold War Ends

The period of time when the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 independent republics, ending both the Cold War and the Soviet Union.

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The European Union

A political and economic union of European countries. Initially founded as the European Coal and Steel Community, it expanded to include most of Western Europe, and eventually established a single currency, the Euro.

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A North American trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, designed to eliminate trade barriers between them.

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The United Nations (UN)

The United Nations, an international organization founded in 1945 to promote international peace and security. It comprises member states from around the world, and aims to achieve diplomatic solutions to international problems.

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The UN Security Council

The Security Council is the main deliberative body of the UN. It has the power to make binding decisions on international peace and security.

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Islamic State (ISIS)

A militant group that seeks to establish a caliphate, a world government under Islamic law. It is known for violence and terrorism, and has engaged in conflict in Iraq and Syria.

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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

A nuclear agreement between Iran and the United States, the European Union, Russia, and China. Its goal was to curb Iran's nuclear program and prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.

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The rise of China

The process of China's increasing economic and diplomatic power in the world, particularly in Asia. It reflects China's growing influence on global affairs.

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Study Notes

The Emergence of International Relations: The Mercantilist Era

  • European powers controlled the world by 1700, using military might for formal and informal empires after 1492.
  • Mercantilism: A system where imperial governments used military power for enrichment and boosted military power further. Emphasized trade monopolies to benefit the government and its supporters.
  • Mercantilism aimed to exploit colonies, reducing prices for imports and increasing prices for exports.
  • The Peace of Westphalia attempted to stabilize borders and resolve religious conflicts.
  • Sovereignty: A state's supreme authority within its borders.
  • Hegemony: A nation's predominance over others.
  • Examples of mercantilist restrictions on colonies include the "enumeration" of goods, forcing exports to only Britain.

The Hundred Years' Peace

  • The Pax Britannica (British Peace) lasted from 1815 to 1914, a period of relative peace among major powers.
  • Contributing factors included a common interest in protecting ruling regimes from political pressures, the Holy Alliance (1815), and the Concert of Europe (system of diplomatic consultation).
  • British military power, especially its navy, and diplomatic influence were key stabilizers, through alliances to counter potentially powerful nations.
  • Free trade developed in the 19th century, contrasting with earlier mercantilist policies (corn laws, tariffs on grain). British industrial innovations (power looms, spinning) and the desire for free trade led to this change.

The Gold Standard

  • The gold standard organized monetary relations during this period, with countries exchanging currencies for gold at fixed rates.
  • By the 1870s, most of the industrial world used the gold standard, creating a single international currency. This system facilitated global trade and investment.

Colonial Imperialism

  • Industrialized nations dominated poor regions through direct colonial control.

The Thirty Years' Crisis: WWI and Its Effects

  • World War I failed to resolve underlying tensions, exacerbating them instead.
  • The war led to collapses of four major empires.
  • US entry in 1917 ensured Allied victory with troops and loans.
  • The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI with reparations imposed on Germany, creating resentment and instability.
  • The 1929 global depression worsened existing economic and political issues.

The Global Depression

  • The global depression lasted longer and caused more hardship than any previous downturn and worsened already strained relationships.

WWII

  • The Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) sought territorial expansion through war and formed alliances to achieve this.
  • The Allied powers (US, UK, Soviet Union) opposed the Axis.

The Cold War

  • The US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers after WWII, leading to bipolar global competition.
  • The US built a capitalist alliance (NATO, Bretton Woods System) and the Soviet Union built a communist bloc.
  • The US favored market-based capitalism, while the Soviet Union favored centralized socialism.
  • The creation of the Warsaw Pact and strengthened ties with communist China cemented this division.
  • The development of atomic and hydrogen bombs brought the danger of global nuclear war.
  • The Cuban Missile Crisis and the division of Germany showed the intense tension between the two superpowers.

Decolonization

  • Post-WWII, colonial possessions sought independence, weakening European empires and strengthening nationalist movements.

The Cold War Ends

  • The Cold War ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union into independent countries (no longer communist).
  • The European Union emerged, unifying several European nations toward economic and political goals.
  • The US, Canada, and Mexico formed NAFTA.

Challenges to the New Order

  • The rise of ISIS and other extremist groups caused global conflict and diplomacy issues.
  • International conflicts including the Iraq War highlighted the challenge of international collaboration for solving complex issues. Iran's nuclear goals also challenged global security.

Study Tool Kit

  • The study of international relations explains the ebbs and flows of conflict and cooperation among nations, considering the interests of people, nations, and international institutions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on mercantilism and its impact on international relations. This quiz covers key concepts such as the goals of mercantilism, the relationship between colonies and their mother country, and the effects on various colonial groups. Engage with questions that explore the historical significance of this economic theory.

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