Origin and Pre-colonial Philippines

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Which geological event is most closely associated with the separation of the Philippines from the Asian continent, according to the widely accepted scientific theory?

The end of the ice age, causing rising sea levels and flooding land bridges. (correct)
The shifting of tectonic plates leading to island formation.
A massive volcanic eruption that caused a continental split.
A catastrophic earthquake that submerged large landmasses.

How does the legend of a quarrel between the sea and sky explain the origin of the Philippine islands?

The sea threw water to the sky, which then transformed into the islands.
The sky threw rocks down at the sea, which then became the islands. (correct)
The sea and sky's fight led to volcanic eruptions which formed the islands.
The sky carried rocks that scattered to form the islands.

What is the primary difference between the scientific explanation and the legend-based explanation for the origin of the Philippines?

Scientific explanations involve a divine creator, while legends attribute origins to natural disasters.
Legends are accepted as factual accounts, while scientific theories are considered metaphorical.
Legends are based on empirical evidence, whereas scientific accounts rely on supernatural events.
Scientific theories use geological and environmental processes; legends use colorful, often supernatural, narratives. (correct)

Given its geographical location, what maritime feature primarily defines the eastern boundary of the Philippines?

The Pacific Ocean. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a geologist researching the origin of the Philippines finds evidence supporting the existence of a submerged continent in the Pacific, which prehistoric landmass would this evidence most likely relate to?

Mu or Lemuria. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Before Spanish colonization, how was a young woman's education primarily conducted?

Training in household management and domestic skills from their mothers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the nature of trade in the pre-colonial Philippines?

Included both domestic trade between barangays and foreign trade with countries like China and Japan. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role did dances generally play in the pre-colonial Filipino societies?

They served religious purposes, such as pleasing gods and spirits, alongside celebratory functions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Alibata' in the context of pre-colonial Philippines?

The ancient Philippine alphabet consisting of vowels and consonants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which material was most commonly used for writing in the pre-colonial Philippines, based on availability and practicality?

Bamboo stalks due to their abundance and ease of use. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of oral literature that would have been used to teach lessons or values in pre-colonial Filipino society?

Sabi, a type of maxim expressing traditional wisdom. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In pre-colonial Filipino society, what was the primary purpose of music, as suggested by the instruments and contexts described?

Integral to ceremonies, rituals, and celebrations reflecting community life. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the descriptions of pre-colonial Filipino musical instruments, which conclusion is most reasonable?

Each community developed unique musical instruments using locally available materials. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to De Terra's theory on migration routes to the Philippines, what were the two primary paths humans might have taken?

One route via the Sunda Shelf, past Sumatra and Borneo, and another via Formosa (Taiwan), Luzon, and Borneo. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What evidence from Tabon Cave suggests early human habitation and resource utilization?

Stone flakes tools and human remains, indicating hunting and foraging. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Sunda Shelf in understanding the peopling of Southeast Asia?

It was an important corridor for the dispersal of fauna and early hominids from the Asian mainland during the Pleistocene period. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Nish Caves in Sarawak contained human remains. What conclusion was drawn from the physical anthropological analysis of the Niah skull?

It gave more weight to the negroid type. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Proto-Austronesians that suggests how they lived after 9,000 B.C. in Formosa, according to Chang's archaeological investigation?

They were horticulturists or swidden cultivators and producers of cord-impressed reddish pottery. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the environment of the Philippines, allowing people to cross over from the mainland of Asia?

Archipelago connected to the mainland during the Pleistocene period through a land bridge called Sunda Shelf (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the groups that migrated to the Philippines during the Upper Late Pleistocene period and those during the Post-Pleistocene period?

Upper Late Pleistocene migrants were small bands of hunters and foragers, while Post-Pleistocene migrants included horticulturalists. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which languages are categorized under Bisaya?

Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between the peopling of the Philippines from the North vs. from the South?

Movement from the North was via Formosa into Luzon, while movement from the South was via Borneo (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the origins and composition of the Southern Philippine Group?

Arrived at different times in Mindanao via Borneo, composed of two large subgroups: Samal and Manobo. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transition of the Philippines' name from 'Felipinas'?

'Felipinas' evolved to 'Filipinas,' then 'The Philippine Islands,' and finally 'The Republic of the Philippines.' (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the Sampaguita from other flowers?

Its medicinal properties, strong fragrance, and single layer of petals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the carabao considered a significant symbol in the Philippines?

It embodies hard work and perseverance, holding a place in Philippine mythology. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature that defines the Barong Tagalog?

It is an embroidered, long-sleeved formal shirt for men. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was Jose Rizal's primary contribution during the Spanish Colonial Period?

Advocating for political reforms through the Filipino Propaganda Movement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the strict protection of the Philippine Eagle?

Because it is a critically endangered species, with severe penalties for harming it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which region is CALABARZON?

Region IV (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which island group is among those claimed by the Philippines?

Spratly Islands (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do archaeological and linguistic studies suggest about the peopling of the Philippines?

Interconnectedness with other Southeast Asian cultures, pointing to a common origin. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Northern Movement Hypothesis, where did the Proto-Austronesians originate before migrating to the Philippines?

Taiwan (Formosa). (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the Northern and Southern Movement Hypotheses regarding the peopling of the Philippines?

The Northern Movement identifies Taiwan as the origin, while the Southern Movement traces origins to the South China Sea. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which languages are associated with the Northern Philippine group?

Ifugao, Kalinga, Ibanag. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated separation date for the Central Philippine Group?

100 BC (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which island is NOT claimed by the Philippines?

Java Island (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who gave the name 'Felipinas' to the archipelago, later known as the Philippines?

Ruy López de Villalobos (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement is NOT directly associated with the Malay migration into the Philippines during the pre-Spanish period?

Bronze metallurgy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, what was the primary form of governance in the Philippines?

Scattered barangays ruled by chieftains (D) Signup and view all the answers

What architectural feature was commonly used in pre-Spanish Filipino houses to deter intruders?

A ladder that could be removed (D) Signup and view all the answers

In pre-Spanish Filipino society, what did the number of 'putong' worn by a man signify?

The number of enemies he had killed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between an 'Aliping namamahay' and an 'Aliping sagigilid'?

Aliping namamahay had their own families and homes, while Aliping sagigilid resided in their master's dwelling and could not form their own families. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for barangays to form alliances in pre-Spanish Philippines?

To facilitate trade, maintain peace, and provide mutual protection (B) Signup and view all the answers

How was guilt or innocence typically determined in pre-Spanish Filipino trials?

Through trial by ordeal, awaiting intervention of deities (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a valid ground for divorce in pre-Spanish Filipino society?

Childlessness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the 'Umalohokan' in the pre-Spanish barangay?

To announce newly enacted laws to the public (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of paying 'Buwis' (taxes) to the Datu in pre-Spanish Filipino society?

To receive protection from the Datu (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which deity was regarded as the supreme being in the pre-Spanish Filipino pantheon?

Bathala (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method of transmitting knowledge and skills in the absence of formal schooling during the pre-Spanish period?

Through observation, imitation, and practice (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supernatural creatures were pre-Spanish Filipinos believed to exist?

Tikbalang (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the practice of tattooing signify among males in pre-Spanish Filipino society?

Their bravery in war (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 'Sanduguan' (blood compact) in pre-Spanish Philippines?

To seal an alliance between chieftains (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains the strategic importance of the Philippines' geographical location?

It serves as a cultural and economic bridge between the Occidental and Oriental worlds and a crossroads for Asian air and sea routes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the archipelagic nature of the Philippines, which of the following characteristics is a direct consequence of this geography?

A diverse range of regional cultures and languages influenced by the separation of islands. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a shipping vessel aims to traverse the shortest sea route within Philippine territory from the Philippine Sea to the South China Sea, which strait would be the most strategic to navigate?

San Juanico Strait (D) Signup and view all the answers

The declaration of the Kalayaan (Spratly) Islands as part of the Philippines under Presidential Decree No. 1596 highlights the nation's interest in which of the following?

Asserting its territorial claims and sovereign rights over potentially resource-rich areas. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How would the topography of the Philippines MOST affect the distribution of population and economic activities?

The presence of numerous natural harbors promotes coastal urbanization and maritime trade, concentrating economic activities along coastal areas. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the Philippines' location within the Pacific Ring of Fire, which of the following geological events poses the MOST significant and recurring threat to its inhabitants?

Earthquakes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Given the Philippines' climate, what would be the MOST suitable adaptation strategy for farmers in the Central Plain of Luzon to mitigate potential losses from prolonged dry seasons?

Implementing water conservation techniques and diversifying into drought-resistant crops. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Central Plain of Luzon regarded as the 'rice granary' of the Philippines?

Its extensive, flat terrain and fertile soil provide optimal conditions for large-scale rice production. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of the Maria Christina Falls to the economy of Iligan City?

It powers the Agus IV Hydroelectric Plant, supplying electricity for the city's industries. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a cartographer wishes to accurately represent the irregular coastline of the Philippines on a map, which mapping technique would be the MOST appropriate?

Utilizing satellite imagery for precise and detailed mapping of coastal boundaries. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A historian researching the etymology of the name 'Philippines' would MOST likely consult records from which of the following groups to understand its earliest origins?

Greek map makers (B) Signup and view all the answers

A scientist studying the biodiversity of the Philippines would likely focus on which geographical feature to understand species distribution?

The mountainous terrain with varying elevations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What immediate impact would a major eruption of Mount Pinatubo have on the surrounding communities and regional infrastructure?

Disruption of air travel and damage to infrastructure due to ashfall and lahar flows. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the San Juanico Strait uniquely influence transportation and connectivity between the islands of Samar and Leyte?

It is spanned by a bridge, facilitating land-based transportation between the two islands. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the influence of the Philippines' physical geography on its cultural identity?

The prevalence of mountainous terrain has isolated communities, fostering diverse regional traditions and languages. (A) Signup and view all the answers

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Origin of the Philippines

Several theories explain how the Philippines was formed, including continental drift and myths.

Mu or Lemuria

A hypothesized prehistoric continent that some believe sank into the Pacific Ocean.