Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main reason the Cold War is referred to as 'cold'?
What was the main reason the Cold War is referred to as 'cold'?
- It was a period marked by extensive civil wars.
- There were no direct military conflicts between superpowers. (correct)
- It was primarily fought in cold climates.
- It involved a lack of resources.
Which conflict is considered a direct result of the tensions during the Cold War?
Which conflict is considered a direct result of the tensions during the Cold War?
- The Gulf War
- The Crimean War
- The Korean War (correct)
- World War II
Who delivered the famous 'Iron Curtain' speech, and what did it signify?
Who delivered the famous 'Iron Curtain' speech, and what did it signify?
- Franklin D. Roosevelt; the start of World War II
- Winston Churchill; the division between Eastern and Western Europe (correct)
- Harry Truman; the establishment of NATO
- Joseph Stalin; the need for military expansion
Which of the following statements best describes the differences between communism and democracy?
Which of the following statements best describes the differences between communism and democracy?
What was one of the main purposes of NATO after its formation in 1949?
What was one of the main purposes of NATO after its formation in 1949?
What was a significant consequence of the division of Germany after WWII?
What was a significant consequence of the division of Germany after WWII?
The Warsaw Pact served primarily as a reaction to which event?
The Warsaw Pact served primarily as a reaction to which event?
What characterized the economic situation in countries under communism?
What characterized the economic situation in countries under communism?
What was one of the demands made by the FLQ during the October Crisis?
What was one of the demands made by the FLQ during the October Crisis?
Which act did Pierre Trudeau ask Parliament to proclaim during the October Crisis?
Which act did Pierre Trudeau ask Parliament to proclaim during the October Crisis?
What was the outcome of the 1980 referendum held by René Lévesque on Quebec sovereignty?
What was the outcome of the 1980 referendum held by René Lévesque on Quebec sovereignty?
What was the purpose of Bill 101 passed in 1977 in Quebec?
What was the purpose of Bill 101 passed in 1977 in Quebec?
What was a significant achievement of Pierre Trudeau concerning Canada's Constitution?
What was a significant achievement of Pierre Trudeau concerning Canada's Constitution?
Who was the leader of East Germany during the fall of the Berlin Wall?
Who was the leader of East Germany during the fall of the Berlin Wall?
What were Mikhail Gorbachev's policies that contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
What were Mikhail Gorbachev's policies that contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
What characterized the living conditions on the East side of Berlin prior to the Wall's fall?
What characterized the living conditions on the East side of Berlin prior to the Wall's fall?
What prompted thousands of people to leave Quebec for Ontario after the passing of Bill 101?
What prompted thousands of people to leave Quebec for Ontario after the passing of Bill 101?
What was a crucial decision made by Gorbachev concerning military force during the fall of the Berlin Wall?
What was a crucial decision made by Gorbachev concerning military force during the fall of the Berlin Wall?
What was the primary purpose of bomb shelters built during the Cold War?
What was the primary purpose of bomb shelters built during the Cold War?
Mikhail Gorbachev is known for introducing which significant reforms?
Mikhail Gorbachev is known for introducing which significant reforms?
Which movement did young people in North America actively support during the 1960s?
Which movement did young people in North America actively support during the 1960s?
What was a common practice among the hippie counterculture in the 1960s?
What was a common practice among the hippie counterculture in the 1960s?
During which war did North Vietnam receive support from the USSR and China?
During which war did North Vietnam receive support from the USSR and China?
What was a significant outcome of the anti-Vietnam War protests?
What was a significant outcome of the anti-Vietnam War protests?
What impact did the Summit Series have on Canada’s relationship with the USSR?
What impact did the Summit Series have on Canada’s relationship with the USSR?
What was a major aim of the second wave of feminism?
What was a major aim of the second wave of feminism?
What kind of clothing became popular during the counterculture movement of the 1960s?
What kind of clothing became popular during the counterculture movement of the 1960s?
What was the primary purpose of the Berlin Wall when it was constructed?
What was the primary purpose of the Berlin Wall when it was constructed?
What was a consequence of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies for the Soviet Union?
What was a consequence of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies for the Soviet Union?
What was the main intent behind the Truman Doctrine?
What was the main intent behind the Truman Doctrine?
What action did the government take to address the threat of a nuclear attack in Canada?
What action did the government take to address the threat of a nuclear attack in Canada?
The Marshall Plan aimed to prevent the growth of communism by supporting which of the following?
The Marshall Plan aimed to prevent the growth of communism by supporting which of the following?
What characterized the youth rebellion of the 1960s?
What characterized the youth rebellion of the 1960s?
What sparked the Korean War?
What sparked the Korean War?
What type of music gained prominence during the social changes of the 1960s?
What type of music gained prominence during the social changes of the 1960s?
The Baby Boom after WWII was characterized by what trend?
The Baby Boom after WWII was characterized by what trend?
Why did many young people in the 1960s reject those over the age of 30?
Why did many young people in the 1960s reject those over the age of 30?
What was the global significance of the launch of Sputnik in 1957?
What was the global significance of the launch of Sputnik in 1957?
The Avro Arrow was designed for what primary purpose?
The Avro Arrow was designed for what primary purpose?
What led to the cancellation of the Avro Arrow project?
What led to the cancellation of the Avro Arrow project?
How did older generations typically view Rock 'n' Roll music in the 1950s?
How did older generations typically view Rock 'n' Roll music in the 1950s?
During the Suez Crisis, which nation seized control of the Suez Canal?
During the Suez Crisis, which nation seized control of the Suez Canal?
What was a significant result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was a significant result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What did Igor Gouzenko do that was significant in the context of the Cold War?
What did Igor Gouzenko do that was significant in the context of the Cold War?
Which of the following was a consequence of the Korean War?
Which of the following was a consequence of the Korean War?
What aspect of communism was a main concern for Western nations during the Red Scare?
What aspect of communism was a main concern for Western nations during the Red Scare?
What concept did Betty Friedan describe as the 'problem that has no name' in her book The Feminine Mystique?
What concept did Betty Friedan describe as the 'problem that has no name' in her book The Feminine Mystique?
Which recommendation was made by the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada?
Which recommendation was made by the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada?
What significant constitutional change did Pierre Trudeau implement in Canada in 1982?
What significant constitutional change did Pierre Trudeau implement in Canada in 1982?
What was a key feature of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec during the 1960s?
What was a key feature of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec during the 1960s?
How did Lester B. Pearson contribute to women's rights in Canada?
How did Lester B. Pearson contribute to women's rights in Canada?
What did Quebec Separatism advocate for?
What did Quebec Separatism advocate for?
What is Trudeaumania primarily associated with?
What is Trudeaumania primarily associated with?
Why was the October Crisis significant in Canada?
Why was the October Crisis significant in Canada?
What social change was Pierre Trudeau known for promoting?
What social change was Pierre Trudeau known for promoting?
What was the main focus of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism?
What was the main focus of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism?
What was one reason that led to the rise of Quebec Nationalism?
What was one reason that led to the rise of Quebec Nationalism?
Which event caused outrage in Canada after Charles de Gaulle's visit in 1967?
Which event caused outrage in Canada after Charles de Gaulle's visit in 1967?
What was a significant effect of the Quiet Revolution?
What was a significant effect of the Quiet Revolution?
How did the FLQ attempt to promote their agenda for Quebec?
How did the FLQ attempt to promote their agenda for Quebec?
Flashcards
Cold War
Cold War
A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, characterized by ideological conflict, proxy wars, and a nuclear arms race.
Iron Curtain
Iron Curtain
A term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the division of Europe between communist East and democratic West after World War II.
Communism
Communism
A political and economic system where the government owns and controls all businesses and property, with a single-party state and limited individual freedoms. Emphasis on collective good over individual rights.
Democracy
Democracy
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
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Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
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Division of Germany
Division of Germany
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Division of Berlin
Division of Berlin
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Why was the Berlin Wall built?
Why was the Berlin Wall built?
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Where was the Berlin Wall?
Where was the Berlin Wall?
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Why did East Germans flee to West Berlin?
Why did East Germans flee to West Berlin?
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What were the political alignments of East and West Berlin?
What were the political alignments of East and West Berlin?
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What was the Red Scare?
What was the Red Scare?
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What was the Truman Doctrine?
What was the Truman Doctrine?
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What was the Marshall Plan?
What was the Marshall Plan?
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Who was Igor Gouzenko?
Who was Igor Gouzenko?
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What was the Baby Boom?
What was the Baby Boom?
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What was the Korean War about?
What was the Korean War about?
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What was rock 'n' roll and why was it different?
What was rock 'n' roll and why was it different?
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What was Sputnik?
What was Sputnik?
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What was the Lunar Landing?
What was the Lunar Landing?
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What was the Avro Arrow and why was it canceled?
What was the Avro Arrow and why was it canceled?
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How was Canada involved in the Suez Crisis?
How was Canada involved in the Suez Crisis?
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What was the biggest risk of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the biggest risk of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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How did Canadians prepare for a potential nuclear war?
How did Canadians prepare for a potential nuclear war?
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What role did public service announcements play in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What role did public service announcements play in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What lasting effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on the Cold War?
What lasting effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on the Cold War?
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What was the Vietnam War about?
What was the Vietnam War about?
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Why did the US get involved in the Vietnam War?
Why did the US get involved in the Vietnam War?
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What was Canada's involvement in the Vietnam War?
What was Canada's involvement in the Vietnam War?
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What was the significance of the 1972 Summit Series?
What was the significance of the 1972 Summit Series?
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Why was the 1972 Summit Series so important to Canada?
Why was the 1972 Summit Series so important to Canada?
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What impact did the 1972 Summit Series have on Canada?
What impact did the 1972 Summit Series have on Canada?
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Who was Mikhail Gorbachev?
Who was Mikhail Gorbachev?
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Why was Mikhail Gorbachev so important?
Why was Mikhail Gorbachev so important?
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What was the 1960s rebellion about?
What was the 1960s rebellion about?
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Why did the youth of the 1960s distrust anyone over 30?
Why did the youth of the 1960s distrust anyone over 30?
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What social and political causes did the youth of the 1960s support?
What social and political causes did the youth of the 1960s support?
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October Crisis
October Crisis
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FLQ
FLQ
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War Measures Act
War Measures Act
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Rene Levesque
Rene Levesque
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Parti Québécois (PQ)
Parti Québécois (PQ)
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Bill 101
Bill 101
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Sovereignty-Association
Sovereignty-Association
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Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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Patriation of the Constitution
Patriation of the Constitution
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The Feminine Mystique
The Feminine Mystique
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The Problem That Has No Name
The Problem That Has No Name
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Royal Commission on the Status of Women
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
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Quebec Nationalism
Quebec Nationalism
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Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis
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Quiet Revolution
Quiet Revolution
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Quebec Separatism
Quebec Separatism
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Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
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Trudeaumania
Trudeaumania
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Official Bilingualism
Official Bilingualism
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Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
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Study Notes
Cold War Definition and Conflicts
- The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the US and USSR, characterized by proxy conflicts but no direct war.
- Key conflicts included the Korean War (1950-53), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), and the Vietnam War (1965-75).
Origins of the Cold War
- Iron Curtain: Winston Churchill coined the term Iron Curtain to describe the division between communist Eastern Europe and Western Europe after WWII.
- The Soviet Union created a buffer zone of communist states in Eastern Europe to protect against future invasion.
- Western Europe sought democracy and economic recovery.
Communism vs. Democracy/Capitalism
- Communism: Government ownership of all property and businesses, one-party rule, limited freedoms, and equal conditions for all citizens.
- Democracy/Capitalism: Individual freedoms (speech, etc.), diverse economic classes (rich, middle, poor), and a variety of political views.
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
- NATO (1949): North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed to protect member countries from the Soviet Union. Included Canada and other Western nations.
- Warsaw Pact (1955): A military alliance of communist Eastern European countries, controlled by the Soviet Union, as a response to NATO.
Germany's Division
- Germany was divided into four occupation zones (US, USSR, UK, France) after WWII.
- The division solidified into West Germany (democratic) and East Germany (communist) in 1949.
- This division stemmed from differing allied views on rebuilding and governing Germany. Soviet desire for a buffer zone versus Western desire for a democratic, recovered Germany.
Berlin Wall
- Berlin, located in East Germany, was also divided; West Berlin remained under Western control and was a beacon of democratic freedoms.
- In 1961, the Berlin Wall was built by East Germany to prevent citizens from fleeing to the West.
- The motivations were East Germany's communist rule and its desire to curb the flow of East Germans seeking better opportunities.
Berlin Wall (cont.)
- The division symbolized the Cold War tensions and the divide between East and West.
- The wall ultimately fell in 1989, signaling the end of the Cold War.
Red Scare/Red Menace
- The West feared communist expansion and its impact on individual identities and wealth distribution.
- The spread of communism to other nations was a concern.
Truman Doctrine (1947)
- US President Truman committed to containing communism in Europe.
- The US provided military and financial aid to nations threatened by communist forces or the Soviet Union.
Marshall Plan
- A US aid program (1948–1953) aimed to rebuild war-torn European economies.
- This strategy helped prevent the spread of communism by boosting economic stability. Money invested in Europe.
Igor Gouzenko
- A Soviet spy working in Canada's Ottawa embassy.
- He exposed Soviet espionage activities.
- His actions played a role in alerting North America about Soviet spying networks.
Baby Boom
- Post WWII increase in birth rates due to families starting and wanting larger families, leading to the highest birth rate in Canada's history in '59.
Korean War
- North Korea (with Soviet/Chinese support) invaded South Korea (with US/UN).
- Korea remains divided along the 38th parallel.
- A proxy conflict between the communist and democratic worlds.
Rock 'n' Roll
- A cultural phenomenon, originating from African American culture.
- Reflected teen rebellion and the desire for independence.
- Viewed by older generations as shocking and immoral, reflecting underlying societal issues.
Space Race
- Sputnik (1957): Soviet satellite launch.
- Lunar Landing (1969): US astronaut walks on the moon.
Avro Arrow
- Canada's advanced jet fighter, intended to shoot down Soviet bomber planes, became obsolete due to advances in Soviet missile and satellite technology.
- Cancelled by the Canadian government.
Diefenbaker
- 13th Prime Minister of Canada (1957-1963).
- Opposed American influence on Canada's defense strategies, among other policy decisions.
Suez Crisis
- Egypt seized the Suez Canal in 1956.
- Britain and France attempted to retake it, facing international opposition.
- The crisis involved and escalated Cold War tensions.
Pearson and Suez
- Lester Pearson suggested UN peacekeeping forces to end the fighting and promote a peace deal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
- Key Players: Fidel Castro (Cuba), John F. Kennedy (USA), Nikita Khrushchev (USSR).
- Soviet missiles were installed in Cuba, creating a major threat to North America.
- Tensions escalated, but deescalated after negotiations and the removal of missiles.
- This event nearly led to nuclear war.
Nuclear War Threats
- Bomb shelters, public service announcements, and siren alerts were implemented as responses to the constant fear of nuclear attack.
Vietnam War
- North Vietnam (communist), supported by USSR/China) fought against South Vietnam (Democratic), supported by the USA.
- The US withdrew in 1973.
Summit Series
- A hockey series between Canada and the USSR, showcasing national and sports rivalry during the Cold War.
Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War
- Mikhail Gorbachev (last Soviet leader): Introduced reforms: glasnost and perestroika.
- His policies eased tensions and reduced nuclear arms.
- Led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1960s Rebellion
- North American young people questioned traditional values.
- Supported civil rights, equal opportunities, and redefined society.
Social and Political Causes (1960s)
- Civil rights, women's rights, environmentalism, counterculture, anti-Vietnam war protests.
- Nuclear disarmament, free speech, anti-colonialism.
Hippies
- Rejected traditional values, promoted peace, love, and freedom.
- Opposed Vietnam War and supported anti-war protests.
- Supported equality, environmentalism and free expression.
1960s Clothing Trends
- Tie-dye, miniskirts, bell-bottoms, paisley, peasant blouses, and other clothing reflecting the bohemian and counterculture styles.
Social Trends (1960s)
- Increased drug use, rock 'n' roll music, women's rights, anti-war protests, and environmentalism.
Second-Wave Feminism
- Fought for workplace equality, reproductive rights, and an end to gender discrimination.
The Feminine Mystique & Betty Friedan
- Betty Friedan's book identified dissatisfaction among women in traditional roles.
- Criticized the limited role of homemakers.
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
- Investigated gender inequality in Canada.
- Suggested improvements in employment, education, family law, and childcare.
Lester B. Pearson
- Canadian Prime Minister known for: the Canadian flag, Royal Commissions on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and Status of Women.
Pierre Trudeau
- Canadian Prime Minister known for: patriating the Constitution, introducing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, promoting official bilingualism, and supporting multiculturalism.
Trudeau Mania
- Enthusiastic public support for Pierre Trudeau during the 1968 election.
Quebec Nationalism
- Movement advocating for cultural, political, and economic independence of Quebec.
Maurice Duplessis
- Quebec Premier: promoted Quebec's French identity, opposed federal control, and was linked to Catholic Church influence.
Quiet Revolution
- Period of change in Quebec during the 1960s; modernized Quebec, reduced Catholic Church influence, expanded social programs, and focused on French culture.
Quebec Separatism
- Movement advocating for Quebec's independence from Canada.
- Motivated by cultural preservation (French language and identity), self-determination, and frustration with federal policies.
FLQ
- Front de libération du Québec: radical separatist group using violence to achieve independence.
October Crisis and War Measures Act
- The FLQ kidnappings (October 1970).
- Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act to restrict civil liberties.
René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois
- Lévesque's Parti Québécois increased in popularity and advocated for Quebec independence.
- Bill 101 (1977) made French the only language of government and education.
- 1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty-association was defeated.
Bill 101
- Quebec law making French the only language of government, business, and education.
Sovereignty-Association
- Political concept for a relationship where a part or region retains sovereignty while maintaining ties with a larger entity/state.
Trudeau's Legacy
- Patriating and shaping the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, altering Canada's constitution and its connection to Britain.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
- November 9, 1989.
- Key leaders: Gorbachev (USSR), Kohl (West Germany), Krenz (East Germany), Bush (USA).
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