Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the Internal Working Model (IWM) primarily suggest about early childhood experiences?
What does the Internal Working Model (IWM) primarily suggest about early childhood experiences?
Which attachment style is characterized by comfort with intimacy and trust in others?
Which attachment style is characterized by comfort with intimacy and trust in others?
What is a core aspect of the Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)?
What is a core aspect of the Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)?
Which characteristic does NOT typically lead to ambivalent attachment?
Which characteristic does NOT typically lead to ambivalent attachment?
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How does consensual validation contribute to relationship formation?
How does consensual validation contribute to relationship formation?
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What effect do early attachment styles have on adult romantic relationships?
What effect do early attachment styles have on adult romantic relationships?
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What is a common outcome of avoidant attachment in relationships?
What is a common outcome of avoidant attachment in relationships?
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Which cognitive mechanism is associated with positively evaluating individuals who share similar beliefs?
Which cognitive mechanism is associated with positively evaluating individuals who share similar beliefs?
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What was the strongest predictor of adult attachment style according to the study conducted by Hazan and Shaver?
What was the strongest predictor of adult attachment style according to the study conducted by Hazan and Shaver?
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What disadvantage does the study by Hazan and Shaver face regarding participants' recollections?
What disadvantage does the study by Hazan and Shaver face regarding participants' recollections?
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What was a noted strength of Markey and Markey's study on attraction?
What was a noted strength of Markey and Markey's study on attraction?
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Which of the following describes a limitation of the study conducted by Markey and Markey?
Which of the following describes a limitation of the study conducted by Markey and Markey?
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Hazan and Shaver concluded that early attachment experiences influence adult relationships, but they also noted the connection is not what?
Hazan and Shaver concluded that early attachment experiences influence adult relationships, but they also noted the connection is not what?
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In relation to childhood attachment, which attachment style was linked to difficulties with intimacy and emotional stability?
In relation to childhood attachment, which attachment style was linked to difficulties with intimacy and emotional stability?
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What cognitive phenomenon may affect the accuracy of participants’ memories in Hazan and Shaver's study?
What cognitive phenomenon may affect the accuracy of participants’ memories in Hazan and Shaver's study?
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According to the findings of Hazan and Shaver, which attachment style is typically associated with happier, more trusting relationships?
According to the findings of Hazan and Shaver, which attachment style is typically associated with happier, more trusting relationships?
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The study by Markey and Markey found that participants’ ideal partner traits were correlated with which of the following?
The study by Markey and Markey found that participants’ ideal partner traits were correlated with which of the following?
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What was a major factor enhancing the reliability of Hazan and Shaver's data collection?
What was a major factor enhancing the reliability of Hazan and Shaver's data collection?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Theories of Relationship Formation
- Personal relationships involve close connections between people through emotional bonds and interactions.
- Romantic relationships, a type of personal relationship, are characterized by attraction, trust, and affection.
Internal Working Model (IWM)
- IWM proposes that attachment styles formed during infancy influence later relationship patterns.
- Interactions with primary caregivers shape mental representations of self-worth and expectations of others.
- Attachment styles include secure, avoidant, and ambivalent.
- Secure attachment stems from responsive caregivers, fostering trust, comfort with intimacy, and confidence in others.
- Avoidant attachment results from unresponsive or rejecting caregiving, creating emotional distance, fear of intimacy, and reluctance to rely on others.
- Ambivalent attachment arises from inconsistent caregiving, inducing anxiety, a desire for reassurance, and difficulty trusting others.
- These early experiences impact adult relationship approaches, influencing expectations and interactions with partners.
Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)
- SAH explains how personality and individual characteristics influence relationship formation, particularly romantic relationships.
- People tend to be attracted to individuals with similar traits (likes, dislikes, interests, opinions, attitudes).
- Shared traits are perceived as attractive, increasing connection likelihood.
- Cognitive mechanisms like consensual validation (feeling validated by shared views) and cognitive evaluation (positive bias towards similar beliefs) contribute to attraction.
Hazan and Shaver Study
- Investigated the link between childhood attachment styles and adult romantic relationships.
- Used a self-selected sample of 620 participants completing a questionnaire (love quiz).
- The quiz included statements about their most important romantic relationship, relationship details, and childhood experiences.
- Results showed a correlation between secure attachment and happier, more trusting, and longer-lasting relationships, unlike avoidant and ambivalent styles.
- Perceived quality of childhood relationships with parents was a significant predictor of adult attachment style.
- A strength is the use of anonymous questionnaires to minimize the social desirability bias, improving data reliability.
- A limitation is the reliance on self-reported data, potentially affected by the peak-end rule and difficulties in accurately recalling childhood experiences, reducing accuracy.
Markey and Markey Study
- Explored how similarity affects attraction in romantic relationships among 169 American university students.
- Participants completed surveys on their ideal partner's characteristics and their own personality.
- Results indicated a high correlation between ideal-partner descriptions and self-descriptions.
- Example: warm individuals described ideal partners as also warm, and so on.
- A strength is the large sample size, improving reliability and generalizability of findings.
- A limitation is reliance on self-reported surveys, potentially introducing self-report bias and affecting accuracy in reflecting actual cognitive processes.
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Description
This quiz explores the cognitive theories behind how personal relationships form, focusing on concepts like the Internal Working Model (IWM) and attachment styles. It discusses how early interactions with caregivers influence adult relationships, addressing secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachments.
