Cognitive Theories of Relationship Formation
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Questions and Answers

What does the Internal Working Model (IWM) primarily suggest about early childhood experiences?

  • They determine the success of romantic relationships.
  • They solely influence friendships.
  • They have little effect on adult relationships.
  • They shape later attachment patterns. (correct)

    • Which attachment style is characterized by comfort with intimacy and trust in others?

  • Insecure attachment
  • Secure attachment (correct)
  • Avoidant attachment
  • Ambivalent attachment

    • What is a core aspect of the Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)?

  • People prefer partners with differing traits.
  • Attraction is based solely on physical appearance.
  • Random interactions hold more value in attraction.
  • Similarity in traits increases attraction. (correct)

    • Which characteristic does NOT typically lead to ambivalent attachment?

    <p>Strong emotional support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does consensual validation contribute to relationship formation?

    <p>It reinforces a self-schema through shared views. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do early attachment styles have on adult romantic relationships?

    <p>They shape expectations and interactions with partners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of avoidant attachment in relationships?

    <p>Struggles with emotional closeness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive mechanism is associated with positively evaluating individuals who share similar beliefs?

    <p>Cognitive evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the strongest predictor of adult attachment style according to the study conducted by Hazan and Shaver?

    <p>Perceived quality of childhood relationships with parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disadvantage does the study by Hazan and Shaver face regarding participants' recollections?

    <p>Participants struggle to accurately articulate their feelings due to memory distortions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a noted strength of Markey and Markey's study on attraction?

    <p>The relatively large sample size of university students (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a limitation of the study conducted by Markey and Markey?

    <p>Participants might not accurately assess their own traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hazan and Shaver concluded that early attachment experiences influence adult relationships, but they also noted the connection is not what?

    <p>Deterministic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to childhood attachment, which attachment style was linked to difficulties with intimacy and emotional stability?

    <p>Avoidant attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive phenomenon may affect the accuracy of participants’ memories in Hazan and Shaver's study?

    <p>Peak-end rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the findings of Hazan and Shaver, which attachment style is typically associated with happier, more trusting relationships?

    <p>Secure attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study by Markey and Markey found that participants’ ideal partner traits were correlated with which of the following?

    <p>Their own personality traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor enhancing the reliability of Hazan and Shaver's data collection?

    <p>Use of anonymous questionnaires (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Internal Working Model (IWM)

    A mental model of self and others, developed in infancy, that shapes later relationship patterns.

    Attachment Styles

    Different ways individuals relate to others, typically categorized as secure, avoidant, and ambivalent.

    Secure Attachment

    Trust, comfort with intimacy, and confidence relying on others, resulting from consistent caregiver responsiveness.

    Avoidant Attachment

    Emotional distance, fear of intimacy, and reluctance to rely on others, stemming from unresponsive or rejecting caregiving.

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    Ambivalent Attachment

    Anxiety, a desire for reassurance, and difficulty trusting others, from inconsistent caregiving.

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    Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)

    People are attracted to others who share similar traits, likes, and dislikes, increasing the likelihood of relationships.

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    Consensual Validation

    Feeling validated in your attitudes because others share similar views, reinforcing self-schema.

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    Cognitive Evaluation

    A bias where individuals take pride in their beliefs and tend to evaluate others who share those beliefs positively.

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    Hazan & Shaver's Attachment Study

    A study exploring the link between childhood attachment and adult romantic relationships using a questionnaire (love quiz).

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    Avoidant and Ambivalent Attachment

    Attachment styles linked to difficulties with intimacy, emotional stability, and shorter relationships.

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    Childhood Relationship Quality

    The perceived quality of a person's relationships with parents during childhood.

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    Social Desirability Effect

    The tendency for research participants to respond in a way that presents them positively.

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    Markey & Markey's Study

    A study on how similarity influences attraction.

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    Similarity Effect on Attraction

    Individuals are drawn to partners who share similar personality traits and values.

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    Self-Report Bias

    Potential inaccuracy in self-reported data due to limitations in self-awareness and introspection.

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    Peak-end Rule

    The tendency for people to judge an experience primarily based on its peak intensity and its final moments.

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    Large Sample Size

    Using a substantial number of participants to increase the reliability and generalizability of study results.

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    Study Notes

    Cognitive Theories of Relationship Formation

    • Personal relationships involve close connections between people through emotional bonds and interactions.
    • Romantic relationships, a type of personal relationship, are characterized by attraction, trust, and affection.

    Internal Working Model (IWM)

    • IWM proposes that attachment styles formed during infancy influence later relationship patterns.
    • Interactions with primary caregivers shape mental representations of self-worth and expectations of others.
    • Attachment styles include secure, avoidant, and ambivalent.
    • Secure attachment stems from responsive caregivers, fostering trust, comfort with intimacy, and confidence in others.
    • Avoidant attachment results from unresponsive or rejecting caregiving, creating emotional distance, fear of intimacy, and reluctance to rely on others.
    • Ambivalent attachment arises from inconsistent caregiving, inducing anxiety, a desire for reassurance, and difficulty trusting others.
    • These early experiences impact adult relationship approaches, influencing expectations and interactions with partners.

    Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis (SAH)

    • SAH explains how personality and individual characteristics influence relationship formation, particularly romantic relationships.
    • People tend to be attracted to individuals with similar traits (likes, dislikes, interests, opinions, attitudes).
    • Shared traits are perceived as attractive, increasing connection likelihood.
    • Cognitive mechanisms like consensual validation (feeling validated by shared views) and cognitive evaluation (positive bias towards similar beliefs) contribute to attraction.

    Hazan and Shaver Study

    • Investigated the link between childhood attachment styles and adult romantic relationships.
    • Used a self-selected sample of 620 participants completing a questionnaire (love quiz).
    • The quiz included statements about their most important romantic relationship, relationship details, and childhood experiences.
    • Results showed a correlation between secure attachment and happier, more trusting, and longer-lasting relationships, unlike avoidant and ambivalent styles.
    • Perceived quality of childhood relationships with parents was a significant predictor of adult attachment style.
    • A strength is the use of anonymous questionnaires to minimize the social desirability bias, improving data reliability.
    • A limitation is the reliance on self-reported data, potentially affected by the peak-end rule and difficulties in accurately recalling childhood experiences, reducing accuracy.

    Markey and Markey Study

    • Explored how similarity affects attraction in romantic relationships among 169 American university students.
    • Participants completed surveys on their ideal partner's characteristics and their own personality.
    • Results indicated a high correlation between ideal-partner descriptions and self-descriptions.
    • Example: warm individuals described ideal partners as also warm, and so on.
    • A strength is the large sample size, improving reliability and generalizability of findings.
    • A limitation is reliance on self-reported surveys, potentially introducing self-report bias and affecting accuracy in reflecting actual cognitive processes.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the cognitive theories behind how personal relationships form, focusing on concepts like the Internal Working Model (IWM) and attachment styles. It discusses how early interactions with caregivers influence adult relationships, addressing secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachments.

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