Cognitive Psychology - Thinking and Reasoning
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Questions and Answers

What is the key feature of propositional logic regarding truth values?

  • It allows for varying degrees of truth.
  • It recognizes statements as either true or false only. (correct)
  • It accepts that some statements may be undecided.
  • It includes statements that can be both true and false.

    • Which of the following is a valid form of inference in conditional reasoning?

  • Denial of the Antecedent
  • Modus Ponens (correct)
  • Confirmation of the Premise
  • Affirmation of the Consequent

    • What does Modus Tollens imply if the premises are true?

  • If p then q; therefore, p is true.
  • If p then q; therefore, not q implies not p. (correct)
  • If p then not q; therefore, not p is true.
  • If p then q; therefore, not p is false.

    • Why is 'Affirmation of the Consequent' considered an invalid argument form?

    <p>The conclusion does not necessarily follow from true premises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the Denial of the Antecedent argument form?

    <p>If the antecedent is false, the consequent must also be false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which implication does a truth table validate?

    <p>The validity of propositional logic arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes conditional reasoning from everyday reasoning?

    <p>It strictly adheres to true or false conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect might the differences between logical and natural reasoning have on people?

    <p>It may lead to more frequent errors in reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does validity in an argument refer to?

    <p>The logical structure of the argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arguments is valid but not true?

    <p>All dogs have tails; the president of the US is a dog; therefore, the president of the US has a tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What error was identified in reasoning regarding A and B in the content?

    <p>Assuming all B are A from the premise that all A are B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which logical operator is not part of propositional reasoning?

    <p>Therefore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary tendency of belief bias in human reasoning?

    <p>To be seduced by the believability of conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants accepted a valid but unbelievable conclusion based on the data from Evans, Barston & Pollard?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates an invalid argument despite its believable content?

    <p>No addictive things are inexpensive; some cigarettes are inexpensive; therefore, some addictive things are not cigarettes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of logical arguments, what distinguishes truth from validity?

    <p>Truth relates to the premises, while validity relates to the argument form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of deductive reasoning?

    <p>It is always truth preserving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of task is commonly used when assessing human performance?

    <p>Generation tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reasoning increases semantic information?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inference is drawn almost universally according to reasoning performance studies?

    <p>Modus ponens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a categorical syllogism consist of?

    <p>Two premises and a conclusion with quantitative terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Abstract Rule Theory suggest about human reasoning?

    <p>Rational thinking is guided by specialized rules of logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reasoning considered a separate area from decision-making and problem-solving?

    <p>Because they focus on different aspects of human cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of context in reasoning?

    <p>It can influence the interpretation and conclusions made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is modus tollens considered more challenging than modus ponens?

    <p>It requires a sequence of rules that may lead to error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Johnson-Laird and Bryne argue regarding deductive reasoning?

    <p>It is essential for formulating arguments and plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of errors in reasoning as suggested by Abstract Rule Theories?

    <p>Misinterpretation of everyday language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inductive reasoning typically conclude?

    <p>By making conclusions that are not necessarily true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an invalid inference?

    <p>If it is sunny, then the children will play outside. The children are playing outside. Therefore, it is sunny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors must theories of reasoning account for?

    <p>Content effects, competence, and errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about valid and invalid inferences is correct?

    <p>Invalid inferences do not follow logically from their premises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of Braine's Abstract Rule Theory?

    <p>Transforming premises into mental representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which erroneous conclusion exemplifies the denial of the antecedent?

    <p>If it snows, then school is canceled. School is not canceled. Therefore, it is not snowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception when applying modus ponens in conditional reasoning?

    <p>If the children are playing outside, then it must be sunny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'denial of the antecedent' imply in logical reasoning?

    <p>If it is not sunny, it must mean the children will not play outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the abstract rule theory in reasoning?

    <p>It does not account for belief bias in reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does context and content affect in logical reasoning?

    <p>The process of making inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an example of modus ponens?

    <p>If it rains, the ground gets wet; It rains; Therefore, the ground gets wet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of propositional reasoning fail to adequately address?

    <p>The variety of reasoning styles among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential alternative explanation to propositional reasoning?

    <p>Pragmatic reasoning schemas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reasoning fallacy is demonstrated when concluding that it must be sunny if the children are outside?

    <p>Affirmation of the consequent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Psychology - Thinking and Reasoning

    • Reasoning is a complex process, with a history spanning at least 2,000 years, extending back to Aristotle. In psychology, this aspect of thinking has developed more recently, particularly after the "cognitive revolution."
    • Psychologists consider reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving distinct areas, although interrelated.
    • Deductive reasoning is central to tasks like planning, hypothesis evaluation, interpreting instructions, and negotiating arguments.
    • Reasoning involves making inferences, and a distinction exists between inductive and deductive reasoning.
    • Inductive reasoning involves gathering information, forming inferences, and making conclusions that likely, but not necessarily, represent truth. Burglaries provide an example of inductive reasoning.
    • Deductive reasoning involves using premises that logically lead to a conclusion where the conclusion is necessarily true, given the premises. Truth-preserving arguments are important aspects of deductive reasoning.
    • Categorical syllogisms are examples of deductive reasoning involving premises and conclusions using terms like "all, some, none" to draw inferences. All artists are beekeepers. All beekeepers are chemists. Therefore, all artists are chemists.
    • Validity in deductive reasoning refers to the structure of the argument. A conclusion might be true but invalid, or untrue but valid.
    • Belief bias in reasoning refers to the tendency for individuals to accept conclusions based on their believability rather than the validity of reasoning.
    • Propositional reasoning uses symbolic representations of statements and logical operators (e.g., "and," "or," "if...then") to draw conclusions.
    • Important aspects of conditional reasoning include: modus ponens (If P, then Q. P therefore Q) and modus tollens (If P, then Q. Not Q, therefore not P).
    • Conditional reasoning involves reasoning about "if...then" statements.
    • Inferences about conditional statements can be valid or invalid.
    • Human reasoning may not always align with logical principles, and errors like belief bias and affirming the consequent can occur.
    • Reasoning performance studies often reveal consistent patterns; and these can involve comprehension or resource limitations.
    • Theories attempt to account for the patterns of reasoning observed empirically and are focused on the competence of individuals.

    Reasoning Performance

    • Reasoning performance varies with the type of inference (e.g., modus ponens vs. modus tollens).
    • Human reasoning is susceptible to errors (e.g., belief bias).
    • Theories attempt to account for the observed patterns of reasoning performance, examining competence, errors, and limitations (like resource or time constraints).

    Theories of Reasoning

    • Abstract rule theories - mental logic systems can successfully predict reasoning based on logic (as a formal system for reasoning). Rules of mental logic (or specialist processes for logical thinking) can explain people's reasoning.
    • Reasoning comprehension and application (how people interpret and process premises, and how they apply rules of inference).
    • Factors like content, language, and social context affect the quality and accuracy of reasoning.

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    Cognitive Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate world of reasoning in cognitive psychology, from its historical roots in Aristotle to modern applications. This quiz delves into the distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving techniques. Test your knowledge and understanding of how reasoning shapes our thinking processes.

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