Cognitive Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the Overlapping Waves Model propose about children and memory strategies?

  • Children's use of strategies becomes less effective with age.
  • Children adopt different strategies based on age and experience. (correct)
  • Children must master one strategy before learning another.
  • Children consistently use one strategy throughout development.

Which of the following is NOT a common strategy for improving working memory?

  • Verbal Rehearsal
  • Elaboration
  • Backward recall (correct)
  • Semantic Organization

What is a characteristic of younger children in relation to metacognition?

  • They accurately assess their knowledge gaps.
  • They tend to underestimate their cognitive abilities.
  • They demonstrate effective self-evaluation of performance.
  • They often overestimate their abilities and struggle with knowledge gaps. (correct)

What is referred to as 'Utilization Deficiency' in the context of memory strategies?

<p>Struggling to implement a strategy effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does long-term memory typically change as individuals age?

<p>It becomes more robust and specific. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive change does the Developmental Cascade Model suggest?

<p>Faster processing speed improves working memory, which in turn enhances fluid intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines cognitive control?

<p>The goal-directed regulation of attention, thoughts, and actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant qualitative change that occurs with cognitive development?

<p>Children develop more complex cognitive operations over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates cognitive flexibility?

<p>A child rapidly switching between different tasks depending on situational demands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does working memory differ from long-term memory?

<p>Working memory is primarily concerned with temporary storage and processing of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which task might younger children showcase their limitations in cognitive control?

<p>Day-Night Task requiring quick response to opposite stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the processing speed aspect of cognitive development indicate?

<p>Processing speed increases with age leading to faster cognitive operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive control that develops throughout childhood?

<p>Ability to maintain and update working memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can children begin to remember events for over 3 months?

<p>10–11 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does memory retention change from 6 months to 20 months of age?

<p>Memory retention becomes longer and more robust. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trend observed in memory development as children grow older?

<p>Greater specificity and detail in memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age can children generally remember events for at least one year?

<p>20 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory becomes more pronounced as a child matures?

<p>Self-relevance of events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants exhibit the ability to remember events for periods exceeding 3 months?

<p>10-11 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in memory retention from 9 months to 20 months of age?

<p>Memory retention extends significantly to 1 year. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age marks the transition to a period where infants can remember events for 4-6 months?

<p>13-14 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration that infants can remember events at 9 months of age?

<p>5 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about memory development by 20 months?

<p>Children can remember events for at least 1 year. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Verbal Working Memory

Memory system for language-based information.

Backward Digit Span

Recalling numbers in reverse order.

Metacognition

Awareness of one's own mental processes.

Production Deficiency

Not using the best strategy.

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Long-Term Memory

Memory that stores information over a long period.

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Mind-Computer Analogy

The mind is like a computer, processing information by storing, retrieving, and operating on input and output.

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Processing Speed

The time it takes to do cognitive tasks; it gets faster with age.

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Cognitive Control

The ability to manage your attention, thoughts, and actions on purpose to reach a goal.

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Working Memory

The ability to hold and use information temporarily.

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Inhibition

Suppressing irrelevant thoughts or actions.

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Cognitive Flexibility

Changing your focus between different tasks or ideas

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Developmental Cascade Model

Processing speed influences working memory, which influences fluid intelligence.

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A-not-B task

A test showing kids struggle to inhibit a previously successful response.

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Infants' Memory at 6 Months

Memories from this age typically last only 24 hours, showing limited retention.

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Memory Development Trend: Robustness

As children grow older, memories are retained for longer periods, becoming more durable.

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Memory Development Trend: Specificity

Memories become more detailed and nuanced over time.

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Memory Development Trend: Self-Relevance

Events with personal or emotional significance are more likely to be remembered.

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Memory Retention at 20 Months

By this age, infants can remember events for at least a year.

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Memory Duration at 9 Months

By 9 months, infants' memory duration improves significantly. They can now remember events for up to 5 weeks.

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Stable Memory by 10-11 Months

Around 10-11 months, infants show more stable memory processes. They can remember events for over 3 months.

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Durable Memory by 13-14 Months

By 13-14 months, infants' memory retention extends to 4-6 months, showing increased durability.

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Long-Term Memory by 20 Months

At 20 months old, infants can recall events from at least a year back, showing substantial development in long-term memory.

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Study Notes

Overlapping Waves Model

  • Suggests that children use a variety of memory strategies, and their use changes over time
  • Children may use multiple strategies simultaneously, with some strategies becoming more dominant than others

Working Memory Strategies

  • Chunking
  • Rehearsal
  • Elaboration
  • Visualization
  • NOT: Rote memorization (simply repeating information without understanding)

Metacognition in Younger Children

  • Limited understanding of their own cognitive processes
  • Difficulty monitoring their own learning and memory
  • May not be aware of strategies they could use to improve their memory

Utilization Deficiency

  • Students may learn and be able to apply a memory strategy, but fail to do so spontaneously in situations where it would be helpful

Long-Term Memory Changes with Age

  • Increases in capacity
  • Improved organization and retrieval skills
  • Greater knowledge base to connect new information with

Developmental Cascade Model

  • Highlights the interconnectedness of cognitive development across different domains
  • Emphasizes how early experiences and skills influence later development

Cognitive Control

  • The ability to regulate thoughts and actions
  • Involves managing attention, inhibiting distractions, and shifting between tasks

Qualitative Change in Cognitive Development

  • Shift from relying on concrete thinking to more abstract reasoning

Cognitive Flexibility

  • Ability to adjust thinking to new situations and perspectives
  • Example: Changing a game strategy when it's not working

Working Memory vs. Long-Term Memory

  • Working memory: Limited-capacity system for holding information actively in mind
  • Long-term memory: Vast storage system for holding information over extended periods

Task Demonstrating Cognitive Control Limitations in Younger Children

  • Tasks involving resisting temptations or delaying gratification

Processing Speed Aspect of Cognitive Development

  • Refers to the speed at which individuals can process information

  • Improves with age, enabling faster and more efficient thinking

  • 6 months:

    • Infants show significant memory decay, with most encoded events being forgotten after 24 hours.
    • Memory is still very fragile and short-term at this stage.

  • 9 months:

    • Memory duration improves significantly, with the ability to retain information for up to 5 weeks after encoding.

  • 10-11 months:

    • Infants can remember events for periods exceeding 3 months, reflecting more stable memory processes.

  • 13-14 months:

    • Memory retention extends to 4-6 months, indicating increasing robustness and durability of memory.

  • 20 months:

    • By this age, children can recall information for at least 1 year, showing substantial development in long-term memory capabilities.

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Description

Explore key concepts in cognitive psychology, including the mind-computer analogy, developmental changes in processing speed, and the role of cognitive control. This quiz delves into how cognitive processes are structured and how they evolve over time. Test your understanding of these foundational ideas in the field of psychology.

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