Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was Skinner's view on intellectual ability?
What was Skinner's view on intellectual ability?
- He thought it was influenced by the environment (correct)
- He considered it to be an innate ability
- He believed it was the primary factor in human behavior
- He believed it was unrelated to human behavior
What was the initial type of model used to describe cognitive processes?
What was the initial type of model used to describe cognitive processes?
- Parallel connectionist models
- Serial models (correct)
- Neural network models
- Boxology models
What is the primary focus of machine learning in the context of neuropsychology?
What is the primary focus of machine learning in the context of neuropsychology?
- Studying the relation between neurons and cognition (correct)
- Analyzing the impact of environment on brain mechanisms
- Examining the role of intellect in human behavior
- Understanding the connection between behavior and emotion
What is the main objective of neuropsychology?
What is the main objective of neuropsychology?
What methodology does neuropsychology use to study brain mechanisms?
What methodology does neuropsychology use to study brain mechanisms?
What type of models were developed later to describe cognitive processes?
What type of models were developed later to describe cognitive processes?
What is the main goal of the research mentioned in the text?
What is the main goal of the research mentioned in the text?
What type of treatments are mentioned in the text as potentially being developed for people with brain injuries and disorders?
What type of treatments are mentioned in the text as potentially being developed for people with brain injuries and disorders?
What is mentioned as a key aspect of the research in understanding how the brain works?
What is mentioned as a key aspect of the research in understanding how the brain works?
What type of pathologies are mentioned as causing cognitive impairment?
What type of pathologies are mentioned as causing cognitive impairment?
What is the main advantage of studying patients with brain lesions?
What is the main advantage of studying patients with brain lesions?
What is mentioned as a characteristic of the research being conducted?
What is mentioned as a characteristic of the research being conducted?
What is the initial site of damage in degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's?
What is the initial site of damage in degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's?
What is the role of dopamine in Parkinson's disease?
What is the role of dopamine in Parkinson's disease?
What is the characteristic of the damage caused by degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's?
What is the characteristic of the damage caused by degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's?
What is the term for the slow and progressive death of neurons in degenerative diseases?
What is the term for the slow and progressive death of neurons in degenerative diseases?
What is the term for a sudden and significant impact on brain function, such as a car accident?
What is the term for a sudden and significant impact on brain function, such as a car accident?
What is the term for the narrowing of blood vessels in the brain?
What is the term for the narrowing of blood vessels in the brain?
What is the term for a growth in the brain that can cause significant damage?
What is the term for a growth in the brain that can cause significant damage?
What is the importance of sleep in maintaining brain function?
What is the importance of sleep in maintaining brain function?
What is the term for a partial lack of oxygen?
What is the term for a partial lack of oxygen?
What is the term for a complete lack of oxygen?
What is the term for a complete lack of oxygen?
What is the term for a brain injury caused by a lack of blood flow?
What is the term for a brain injury caused by a lack of blood flow?
What is the Circle of Willis?
What is the Circle of Willis?
What determines the symptoms of a stroke?
What determines the symptoms of a stroke?
What is the importance of a complete Circle of Willis?
What is the importance of a complete Circle of Willis?
What happens when there is a lack of oxygen in the brain?
What happens when there is a lack of oxygen in the brain?
What is the term for a blood clot in the brain?
What is the term for a blood clot in the brain?
What is a possible complication of receiving a second impact before the symptoms of the first impact have resolved?
What is a possible complication of receiving a second impact before the symptoms of the first impact have resolved?
What is a characteristic of a severe TBI?
What is a characteristic of a severe TBI?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluids in the brain?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluids in the brain?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology
- Skiner gave little importance to intellectual abilities, believing that the environment determines our functioning.
Boxology and Connectionist Models
- Initial models of cognitive functioning were serial, where input leads to perception, attention, and output.
- Later, researchers began to think of the brain as a network of connections, leading to the development of parallel connectionist models.
- This approach acknowledges the complexity of cognitive processes and their interconnections.
Neuropsychology
- Neuropsychology studies the relationships between behavior, cognition, emotion, and underlying brain mechanisms and functioning.
- It uses diverse approaches, including animal and lesion studies, neuroimaging, and stimulation, to understand brain functioning.
- The field aims to develop reliable diagnostic tools and effective treatments for individuals with brain injuries, neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Acquired Brain Pathologies Causing Cognitive Impairment
- Acquired brain pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease, can cause gradual or sudden cognitive impairment.
- For example, in Parkinson's disease, the initial damage occurs in the substantia niagra, leading to the death of dopamine-transmitting cells.
- The extent of the damage and cell death can expand over time, affecting cognitive functioning.
- There is also a time element, as the damage can take time to develop.
Vascular Disorders
- Stroke/Cerebrovascular Accident: a blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and potential damage to brain tissue.
- Infarct (Necrosis): the death of brain tissue due to a lack of oxygen.
- Symptoms of stroke depend on the location and availability of compensation from other blood vessels.
Circle of Willis
- The Circle of Willis is a network of blood vessels in the brain that provides a backup system in case of blockage or rupture.
- The completeness of the Circle of Willis can affect the impact of a stroke, with some individuals having a more complete or optimal circle.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
- Mild TBI: no loss of consciousness or only for a few seconds, with symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, headache, and nausea.
- Moderate TBI: loss of consciousness up to hours, with confusion lasting up to weeks, and potential long-term physical, cognitive, and behavioral complications.
- Severe TBI: life-threatening, with potential fatal consequences.
Other Concepts
- Hematoma (המטומה): a blood clot that forms in the brain, related to bleeding.
- Edema (בצקת): the accumulation of fluids, which can lead to swelling and pressure on brain tissue.
- Acceleration and Deceleration: unique to car accidents, where the brain is subjected to sudden and rapid changes in movement.
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